دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین مصرف هروئین در میان جوانان از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
شیوع، ارتباط و الگوهای مصرف هروئین در میان جوانان در ایالات متحده
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Prevalence, correlates and patterns of heroin use among young adults in the United States
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
The prevalence of heroin use, abuse, and dependence in the US has seen a considerable increase over the past decade (Jones, Logan, Gladden, & Bohm, 2015). Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) show a significant increase in the total number of past-year heroin users in 2013 from 2002 to 2008 (Lipari & Hughes, 2015). In 2013, about 460 people aged 12 or older initiated heroin use each day (Lipari & Hughes, 2015). Furthermore, from 2010 through 2012, there was a doubling in death rate of people aged 12 or older due to heroin overdose (Hedegaard, Chen, & Warner, 2015). In fact, the age-adjusted rate for drug poisoning deaths involving heroin in people aged 12 or older nearly quadrupled from 0.7 deaths per 100,000 in 2000 to 2.7 deaths per 100,000 in 2013 (Hedegaard et al., 2015). The significant increase in heroin use in the US has been driven mostly by the population of young adults (18 to 25 years). Data from the NSDUH indicate that the rate of heroin initiation in young adults was approximately two to seven times higher than the initiation rates in adolescents (12 to 17 years) and older adults (26 to 49 years), from 2002 to 2011 (Muhuri, Gfroerer, & MC, 2013). Additionally, in 2013, young adults (18 to 25 years) in the US had the highest prevalence rate of past year heroin use (7.0 per 1000) compared to adolescents (12 to 17 years) and older adults (≥26 years) with prevalence rates of 1.0 and 2.0 per 1000, respectively (Lipari & Hughes, 2015). A comparison of the prevalence rates of past-year heroin use between 2002 to 2004 and 2011 to 2013 among adolescents (12 to 17 years), young adults (18 to 25 years) and older adults (≥26 years) revealed that young adults experienced the greatest increase in rates [108.6% (i.e., 3.5 to 7.3 per 1000)] compared to adolescents [−11.1% (i.e., 1.8 to 1.6 per 1000)] and older adults [58.3% (i.e., 1.2 to 1.9 per 1000)] (Jones et al., 2015). Moreover, from 2000 through 2013, young adults had the highest increase in the rate of drug-poisoning deaths involving heroin (Hedegaard et al., 2015). Rates increased 4.9-fold from 0.8 to 3.9 per 100,000 for young adults, and for older adults (25 to 44 years), the rate increased 4.2-fold from 1.3 to 5.4 per 100,000. Likewise, for those aged 45 to 64 years, rates increased 3.8-fold from 0.8 to 3.0 per 100,000. Despite the burden of heroin use in the population of young adults, there is a paucity in research examining correlates and patterns of heroin use in this population. A substantial body of literature has examined heroin use, abuse and dependence in the general population and have reported correlates of heroin abuse and dependence such as residence in large urban areas, annual household income of less than $20,000, having no health insurance or having Medicaid, and past-year abuse or dependence on alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, or opioid pain relievers (Jones et al., 2015). However, there is evidence to suggest that among young adults, the decision to use a drug is based on a rational appraisal process, rather than a passive reaction to the context in which a substance is available (Boys et al., 2000; Boys, Marsden, & Strang, 2001). Correlates of heroin use among young adults may therefore differ from the general population. Furthermore, many of the studies which examined heroin use among young adults have been limited to subsamples of the US population and as such, cannot be nationally generalized. Pugatch, et al. examined heroin use among young adult heroin users in detoxification facilities in Rhode Island (Pugatch, Strong, Has, et al.,
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کلمات کلیدی:
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