دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین گیاه کم یاب از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
یک ارزیابی منظم از تهدیدهای موثر بر گیاهان نادر ایالات متحده
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
A systematic assessment of threats affecting the rare plants of the United States
سال انتشار : 2016
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله گیاه کم یاب اینجا کلیک نمایید.
مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Five major threats endanger biodiversity: habitat alteration, overharvest, invasive species, pollution, and disease (Millennium Assessment, 2005) with climate change expected to become yet another driver of biodiversity loss (Thomas et al., 2004). Each of these broadly-defined threats can be further divided into specific threats from diverse factors like urbanization, agriculture, native versus non-native invasive species, and so on. Detailed characterization of threats facing species is crucial for effective recovery planning (Lawler et al., 2002; Hayward, 2009), directing conservation strategy (Murray et al., 2014), allocating resources across conservation actions (Wilson et al., 2007), and estimating the political feasibility of abating threats (Prugh et al., 2010). Hence, there is a pressing need to describe the distribution of threats across species as specifically as possible. The last such analysis for plants in the United States was performed nearly 20 years ago (Wilcove et al., 1998). Threats can act in concert to affect groups of species (Burgman et al., 2007; Budiharta et al., 2011). For example, agriculture, overexploitation, and urbanization each threaten generally distinct groups of carnivorous plants (Jennings and Rohr, 2011). These threat “syndromes” (sensu Burgman et al., 2007) can be related to geographic co-location of species (Jono and Pavoine, 2012), range size (Burgman et al., 2007; González-Suárez et al., 2013), habitat type (Burgman et al., 2007), taxonomy (Budiharta et al., 2011; McCune et al., 2013), or the fact that some kinds of human activities engender multiple threats to species (e.g., road construction can facilitate spread of invasives). Syndromes offer both opportunities and challenges for managers and researchers. On one hand, addressing sets of co-occurring threats increases efficiency and knowledge transfer because they may have a common origin (Burgman et al., 2007). On the other hand, addressing groups of threats can be difficult if they are diverse in nature and require very different strategies to ameliorate (Auerbach et al., 2015; Tulloch et al., 2016). For science to adequately inform threat abatement, research effort should be apportioned in rough accordance to the actual incidenceand severity of each threat. Nonetheless, it is likely that some threats receive disproportionate research attention. For example, climate change has gained increasing scientific and public attention in part because it is expected to become a major driver of biodiversity change in the coming century (Thomas et al., 2004). However, some conservation practitioners have warned that devoting too much attention to climate misses widespread, contemporary threats that will not only remain important but interact with climate change to further challenge biodiversity (Novacek, 2008; Tingley et al., 2013). Conservation would be better served if research attention matched the relative severity and distribution of threats facing species. Here we assess the threats facing 2733 rare plant species in the United States using the most comprehensive database of rare species available (NatureServe, 2014). We used a systematic, transparent, replicable textual analysis to extract threat data for each species from the database. Our objectives were 1) to describe the distribution of threats across species; 2) identify syndromes of co-acting threats; and 3) compare the prevalence of threats across species to research effort devoted toward each threat.
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله گیاه کم یاب اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
The Status of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Plants and Animals ... www.dfg.ca.gov › Wildlife › Nongame › Threatened and Endangered Species California supports the highest human population level in the United States; ... California has the largest number of rare plants and animals of any state in the ... the single, most important factor affecting the long-term survival of these species. Rare and Endangered Plants Gallery | United States Botanic Garden https://www.usbg.gov/gardens/rare-and-endangered-plants-gallery The U.S. Botanic Garden is one of many botanic gardens worldwide that actively participate in the conservation of endangered species by maintaining live ... Usefulness and Economic potential of the Rare Plants of the United ... link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02861295 by OL Phillips - 1998 - Cited by 33 - Related articles The economic usefulness and potential of endangered and rare plants in the United States was surveyed to assess some of the potential impacts of plant ... 3 Factors Affecting Persistence in Formerly Common ... - Springer Link link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-662-09389-4_3.pdf by CA Brigham - 2003 - Cited by 16 - Related articles United States and the world have focused research attention on rarityas a phe- ... tion, and herbivory have strong enough, demonstrable effects on rare plants. [PDF]The Effects of Fire on Rare Plants - US Fish and Wildlife Service www.fws.gov/fire/ifcc/esr/Library/Fire_and_Rare_Plants.pdf The majority of concerns over the impact of fires on rare species have focused on rare plants. Most animals can move out of the way of approaching wildfires and ... Phytogeography of Rare Plant Species Endemic to the ... - jstor https://www.jstor.org/stable/4033879 by JC Estill - 2001 - Cited by 121 - Related articles A database of the county distribution of rare vascular plant species endemic to the ... endemic to the southeastern United States are typically rare within the region. .... states we expect this exclusion to have only minor effects on the final ...
