دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین پلی ساکارید دیواره سلولی سیب زمینی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
بررسی هر دو هدف قرار داده و غیر هدفمند پلی ساکارید دیواره سلولی در سیب زمینی ترانس ژن
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Evaluation of both targeted and non-targeted cell wall polysaccharides in transgenic potatoes
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Potato tubers are among the most important food crops for human consumption (Camire, Kubow, & Donnelly, 2009). Most potato cultivars are tetraploid with a high level of heterozygosity, providing a huge genetic diversity for breeding purposes (Lehesranta et al., 2005). Conversely, the diverse genetic background presents a challenge for genetic modification of potato and candidate gene selection (Jansky, 2009). In particular, changing the regulation of an endogenous gene or introducing a heterologous gene can specifically modify the cell wall polysaccharides (Bradshaw, 2007), which can in turn be used to investigate potato cell wall architecture. The detailed analysis of different cell wall polysaccharide populations from potato lines expressing different cell wall synthesizing/modifying enzymes can provide information on transgene effects on the entire cell wall. However, such procedures are time-consuming, and only a small number of samples can be analyzed. Therefore, new strategies for evaluating modified cell wall polysaccharides are needed. Potato pectin is composed of homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). In turn, HG is composed of a linear backbone of consecutive 1,4-linked--d-galacturonic acid (GalA) units, with the GalA residues being partly methyl-esterified at C-6. The RG-I backbone consists of repeating 4--d-GalpA-(1,2)- -l-rhamnose (Rha) disaccharide units and the side chains are composed of -l-arabinofuranosyl and/or -d-galactopyranosyl residues (Albersheim et al., 1996). Lerouxel et al. (2002) reported on the characterization of xyloglucan structures in mutants lines; however, limited information about the complete cell wall polysaccharides has been presented. Plant cell wall materials (CWM) can be modified by the expression of hydrolytic enzymes in vivo to modify targeted structures (Øbro, Hayashi, & Dalgaard Mikkelsen, 2010). The modification of plant cell walls in planta has mainly been characterized by microscopy analysis combined with antibody immunolabeling (Jones, Seymour, & Knox, 1997; Knox, Linstead, King, Cooper, & Roberts, 1990; Willats, Marcus, & Knox, 1998) and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (Chen et al., 1998). These microscopy spectra, in combination with molar sugar compositions, can provide qualitative evidence of the structure of modified CWM in transgenic lines (Oomen, Dao-Thi, et al., 2004). Whereas htt Moller et al. (2007) described a high-throughput microarray for screening cell wall polymers,the antibodies necessary for immunolabeling are expensive and not readily available. Additionally, this method can only be used semi-quantitatively. The transgenic effects on potato tubers and other non-modified cell wall polysaccharides have not always been sufficiently characterized (Øbro et al., 2009; Martín et al., 2005; Oomen, Dao-Thi et al., 2004; Sørensen et al., 2000) 12, 14–16 as the focus was usually limited to monitoring targeted structures. Therefore, little is known regarding the entire range of effects on other cell wall polysaccharides, hampering the complete evaluation of potato transgenic lines. Pectin transgenic lines exhibit specific effects on pectic structures. The side chain modification (-galactosidase [-Gal]) transgenic lines exhibited shortened galactan side chains but also showed distinct alterations in the pectin backbone, pectin esterification, and xyloglucan structures (Huang et al., 2016b; Huang, Jiang, et al., 2016). Pectin backbone-modification in rhamnogalacturonan lyase (RGL) transgenic lines also resulted in side effects altering pectin esterification (Huang et al., 2016b). A detailed view of transgene-mediated changes can be useful; although sufficient time and sufficient potato transgenic line material might not be available for the initial screening stage. Therefore, a brief but careful examination including cell wall yield, sugar composition, and pectin characteristics such as HG:RG-I or galactose (Gal):Rha ratios can provide an improved screening output as well as detailed information on modified cell wall polysaccharides (Huang et al., 2016b). In this study, we evaluated the cell wall structure of a series of 31 transgenic lines and respective untransformed background lines withrespectto targeted as well asnon-targeted structures. The proposed strategy was applied to novel potato transgenic lines with transgenes expressing galacturonosyl (Gaut1) and UDP-rhamnose synthase (RhaS) enzymes. Other available transgenic lines reported previously were also re-examined by the proposed evaluation method to provide information currently lacking on non-targeted polymers.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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