دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین پاسخ رفتار ماهی نشانه اختلال شیمیایی از سایت الزویر


عنوان فارسی مقاله:

پاسخ رفتاری ماهی آزاد اقیانوس آرام به نشانه اختلال شیمیایی در طول مهاجرت برای تخم ریزی


عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Behavioural responses of Pacific salmon to chemical disturbance cues during the spawning migration


سال انتشار : 2016



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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:

1. Introduction

In the aquatic environment, many animals use chemical cues as indicators of danger (Liley, 1982; Smith, 1992). One category of these chemical cues is “disturbance cues”, which are released when danger is detected but no physical damage is incurred (Wisenden, 2000; Ferrari et al., 2010), as opposed to the more commonly studied “damage-released cues” (Mathis et al., 1995; Wisenden, 2000; Brown, 2003) that are released following injuries. Disturbance cues appear to function as an early warning, eliciting behavioural and physiological responses in conspecifics (Wisenden, 2015), including avoidance (Jordão and Volpato, 2000), increased vigilance (Wisenden and Barbour, 2005), decreased foraging (Giaquinto and Hoffmann, 2012), and increased plasma cortisol levels (Barcellos et al., 2011, 2014). They can also act as a primer for anti-predator behaviours in response to subsequent cues (Ferrari et al., 2008; Vavrek et al., 2008). These cues have been documented in various fish species, including Nile tilapia and jundiá (Oreochromis niloticus and Rhamdia quelen, respectively; Barcellos et al., 2011), zebrafish (Danio rerio; Barcellos et al., 2014), salmonids (Salmonidae; e.g. Ferrari et al., 2008) and pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus; Jordão and Volpato, 2000). Damage-released chemical cues have been well demonstrated in Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.; e.g. Brown and Smith, 1997; Berejikian et al., 1999; Scholz et al., 2000; Mirza and Chivers, 2003; Scott et al., 2003; Tierney et al., 2006; McIntyre et al., 2012), as have disturbance cues (Toa et al., 2004; Ferrari et al., 2008; Vavrek et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2012). These studies, however, were conducted on juvenile salmonids reared in a hatchery or laboratory. To our knowledge, none have tested wild adult salmon during their spawning migration, despite the abundance of threats or stressors that migrating adult salmonids face. Stressors include predation risk, migration barriers (e.g. dams, rapids), and captureand-release from commercial, recreational or subsistence fisheries. Avoidance of disturbance cues could limit exposure to such stressors, increasing migratory – and therefore spawning – success.



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کلمات کلیدی:

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