دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین فیلوژنتیک لیمپوگراس از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
مطالعات بر روی تنوع ژنتیکی و روابط فیلوژنتیک لیمپوگراس (همارتریا، آلتیسیما) و گونه های وابسته بر اساس ترکیب DNA کلروپلاست بین ژنی اسپیسر داده
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Studies on genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) and related species based on combined chloroplast DNA intergenic spacer data
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
The genus Hemarthria R. Br. in the Poaceae family consists of about 20 species that are geographically widely distributed. Among these species, the two that are the most important agriculturally and widely studied are Hemarthria altissima (Poir.)Stapf et C. E. Hubb. and Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br. H. altissima, also known as limpograss, is a warm-season perennial grass that is native to Africa (Yang et al., 2004; Newman et al., 2011). After being introduced to Florida, limpograss has been widely used by beef cattle producers as a summer forage plant in the southeastern part of the United States due to its high forage yield, high quality, and high tolerance of poorly drained soils (Newman et al., 2011). H. compressa (whipgrass), a relative of limpograss, is another particularly important species of Hemarthria and is mainly found in China. These two species have been extensively used and commercially grown in subtropical and tropical areas, and made important contributions to agroanimal husbandry ecosystem development and maintenance (Yang et al., 2004). Despite their economic and ecological importance, there is a serious lack of genomic information available for H. altissima and H. compressa. Before the 21th century, studies on H. altissima and H. compressa were mainly focused on naturally occurring germplasm morphology (Schank et al., 1973), cytology (Quesenberry et al., 1982), stress resistance (Hudson, 1986), and breeding (Yang et al., 2004). In recent years, molecular studies, including the estimation of genetic diversity, construction of DNA fingerprints, and association of molecular markers with agronomically important traits, have been conducted on H. altissima and H. compressa using a variety of molecular markers. However, all of these markers have so far been based on nuclear DNA (Huang et al., 2008, 2014, 2014a; uang et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2014a, 2014b; Chen et al., 2011). To date, there have been no molecular research studies based on analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in Hemarthria. Outside of the cell nucleus, the cpDNA of higher plants represents an additional source of genetic information. The chloroplast genomes of most angiosperms exhibit a simple, circular structure with a low substitution rates and high conservation, and they are inherited in a non-Mendelian, uniparental fashion (Clegg et al., 1994). Currently, cpDNA sequence data is widely used to study the origin, evolution, and genetic diversity of natural populations of the majority of important plant species (Juszczak et al., 2012). Although cpDNA is conserved in plants, non-coding and coding regions differ greatly in the evolution rate (Yan et al., 2015). The non-coding regions are more hypervariable and are richer in variations such as substitutions, translocations, inversions, insertions, and deletions (Katayama et al., 2012). These represent ideal segments for interspecific phylogenetic studies at low taxonomic levels, such as hybrid cultivar identification, reconstruction of genetic relationships of plants species, and intraspecific phylogeographic studies (Bakker et al., 1999; Kimura et al., 2003). Previous molecular research on Hemarthria based on DNAmarkers revealed distinctive genetic differences and extensive genetic diversity in wild plant resources. These studies also suggested a close genetic relationship between H. altissima and H. compressa. However, in-depth analysis of the relationship between these two significant Hemarthria species is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we sought to take advantage of the virtues of cpDNA non-coding regions by assessing three cpDNA intergenic spacers (trnL-F, trnC-ycf6, and psbC-trnS) in 36 Hemarthria germplasm resources (including 26 H. altissima, 8 H. compressa, 1 Hemarthria uncinata R. Br., and 1 Hemarthria japonica (Hack.) Roshev.). Our aims were mainly to (1) estimate the genetic diversity of the 36 Hemarthria samples based on cpDNA sequence variation, (2) explore phylogenetic relationships between H. altissima and H. compressa, and (3) reveal the genetic structure of African H. altissima. Our results serve to enrich the existing knowledge on the genetic diversity of H. altissima and H. compressa, providing useful information for the development of conservation strategies for Hemarthria and for future phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of Hemarthria species. 2. Material and meth
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