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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
معرفی دوباره گونه های قارچی در معرض تهدید از طریق تلقیح
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Reintroduction of threatened fungal species via inoculation
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Reintroduction of threatened or locally extinct species is an important conservation tool for re-establishing species within their historical ranges (Seddon et al., 2007). Reintroductions and translocations have been carried out especially for animals (e.g. Kuussaari et al., 2015; Tosi et al., 2015) but also for plants (e.g. Weisenberger et al., 2014; Parthibhan et al., 2015). Many groups of fungi are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation (Penttilä et al., 2006; Nordén et al., 2013), air pollution (e.g. Arnolds, 2001) and climate change (e.g. Kauserud et al., 2012). In spite of this, fungi have received limited emphasis in conservation biology (Heilmann-Clausen et al., 2015). For example, the potential of reintroducing threatened fungi has been not evaluated, except for lichens (see Lidén et al., 2004; Smith, 2014). Experimental studies indicate that many fungi can be successfully introduced via inoculation. Fungal inoculations are routinely used to grow edible mushrooms (Hall et al., 2003), and to facilitate the growth of commercially important plants (e.g. Hart et al., 2015). Inoculations of wood-inhabiting fungi are used as a biological control tool against pathogenic fungi (e.g. Garbelotto and Gonthier, 2013) and as means for creating habitats for cavity breeding vertebrates (Filip et al., 2004). In a conservation context, the survival of threatened plant species has been facilitated by inoculations of mycorrhizal fungi (e.g. Zubek et al., 2009; Ferrazzano and Williamson, 2013). Furthermore, results from pilot studies suggest that some threatened fungal species can be successfully reintroduced to their habitats by inoculation (Venturella and Ferri, 1996; Pietka and Grzywacz, 2005). Due to the drastic reduction of dead wood caused by forestry, many saproxylic species have diminished worldwide (Stokland et al., 2012). In particular, wood-inhabiting fungi have declined due to the reduction of natural forest areas and the loss of dead wood in managed forests (Junninen and Komonen, 2011). As a consequence, in Finland for example, over 40% of the polypore species have been red-listed according to the IUCN criteria (Rassi et al., 2010). Many threatened wood-inhabiting fungi are dispersal limited (see Norros et al., 2012) and depend on landscape-level connectivity to retain viable populations (Penttilä et al., 2006; Nordén et al., 2013; Abrego et al., 2015). This decreases the efficiency of protected area networks, as small and isolated conservation sites hold less threatened species than they potentially could, some of the species being possibly absent simply due to dispersal limitation (Abrego et al., 2015). To counteract declines of saproxylic organisms, many restoration and conservation programs have focused on increasing the volume of dead wood in forests (Jonsson et al., 2005; Halme et al., 2013). However, the positive effect of dead-wood restoration for red-listed species has in many cases remained small (Pasanen et al., 2014) or realized only with long delay (Penttilä et al., 2013).Whether or not restored habitats are helpful for conserving species depends on whether the focal species are able to colonize them, which in turn depends on the proximity of the restoration areas to source populations (Kouki et al., 2012). In cases where natural colonization is unlikely, one alternative for re-establishing threatened species into restored and isolated protected sites is to artifi- cially reintroduce them (Seddon et al., 2007). The objective of the present study was to test the potential of inoculation as a tool for the reintroduction of red-listed wood-inhabiting fungal species. We developed laboratory and field protocols for inoculations, and tested their potential for fungal reintroduction by inoculating seven red-listed and regionally rare wood-inhabiting fungal species into a forest area in southern Finland, and by following their establishment success, both as mycelia and/or as fruit-bodies, for seven years after the reintroductions.
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