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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
مرزهای جدید در اکولوژی زیرزمین برای حفاظت گیاه از حشرات ریشه خوار
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from root-feeding insects
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
It has been estimated that invertebrate pests account for crop losses that would be sufficient to feed more than one billion people (Birch et al., 2011). Global populations are expected to exceed 9.7 billion by 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100 (UN, 2015). Yet crop productivity has plateaued, so there is an urgent need to reduce crop losses to such pests to ensure food security (Gregory et al., 2009). From a global perspective, soil pests that attack crop roots are amongstthemosteconomicallydamaging,persistent anddifficultto detect and control (Blackshaw and Kerry, 2008). Plant-parasitic nematodes, for instance, inflict annual world-wide crop losses of at least US$80 billion and have received significant research interest because of their economic status (Jones et al., 2013). Root feeding insects include western corn root worm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, whose damage and control costs exceed US $1 billion annually in USA (Gray et al., 2009), greyback canegrub (GBCG), Dermolepida albohirtum, that cause losses of up to AUD $28 million annually in Australia (Chandler, 2002) and wireworms, whose damage and control costs to the Canadian potato industry approximate CAN $6 million (Agriculture and Agri-Food, 2016). Moreover, in the absence of control measures, vine weevil (VW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus, can reach densities of over 300,000 per hectare within three years and reduce raspberry yield by 40–60% (Clark et al., 2012). Root herbivory can be especially damaging to crops, particularly when combined with abiotic stresses (e.g. drought, which is often exacerbated by damage to roots) (Zvereva and Kozlov, 2012; Erb and Lu, 2013). Plants often cannot tolerate root herbivory to the same extent as they can shoot herbivory, not only because their damage is acute but also because many root-feeding pests are extremely persistent, with damage to plant tissues lasting many months or even years (Johnson et al., 2016). This persistence frequently results in prime agricultural land being taken out of production (Blackshaw and Kerry, 2008). Moreover, because soil pests are cryptic, infestations often go unnoticed and extensive damage to crops then becomes inevitable. Management options are costly and particularly damaging to the environment because practitioners apply insecticides prophylactically, and often unnecessarily, in an attempt to avoid possible losses (Blackshaw and Kerry, 2008). Increasingly, this management option is becoming impractical because of legislation restricting pesticide use (e.g. Nauen et al., 2008), suggesting that control of root-feeding pests may become even more difficult in future. The extent to which the soil environment is driven by interactions between the plant and soil organisms is becoming increasingly apparent. This represents a significant conceptual advance in ecology and several important breakthroughs have been made, including identifying how plant roots acquire specific microbiomes (Edwards et al., 2015) or how root architecture is sometimes driven by soil microbes (Ditengou et al., 2015). Most recently this has stimulated interest in ‘rhizosphere engineering’ for promoting plant health and productivity (Zhang et al., 2015; Bender et al., 2016; Dessaux et al., 2016). At the same time, fundamental studies concerning interactions between plants and their root herbivores have gained pace and have been particularly helpful in increasing our understanding of belowground defences (Rasmann and Agrawal, 2008; van Dam, 2009). These defensive interactions are often brokered by a range of microbial (e.g. mycorrhizae) and invertebrate (e.g. nematode) players (Johnson and Rasmann, 2015), in addition to the biogeochemical ecology of the rhizosphere (Erb and Lu, 2013). Some of these ecological insights could now be applied to address a range of management issues, from conservation and climate change mitigation to sustainable pest management. Using belowground ecology for plant protection from root herbivores, particularly in an integrated way, is a new and challenging frontier and it is therefore timely to synthesise existing knowledge and evaluate problems and prospects for application. In this respect, we differ in our approach to recent articles that examine the basic ecology of such interactions (e.g. Rasmann and Agrawal, 2008; van Dam, 2009; Johnson and Rasmann, 2015). In particular, in this review we strategically examine four aspects which we consider offer most scope for environmental management and regulation of root-feeding insect pests. In making this selection we readily acknowledge that there are ecological mechanisms not explicitly covered in this review that could play a role in management. We assess the suitability of these four mechanisms as management tools, identify what currently limits their application, where the key knowledge gaps are and ultimately what opportunities for development lie ahead. Because the ecologies of insect herbivores and plant-parasitic nematodes differ so much, it’s likely that different aspects of belowground ecology will be important for pest control in these two taxa. We therefore focus on insect herbivores and those aspects of belowground ecology we consider to have greatest potential for integrated pest management. We do, however, refer to articles that consider agroecological engineering of the soil for plant protection (e.g. from plant pathogens; Chave et al., 2014) where we feel these are relevant to root-feeding insects.
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کلمات کلیدی:
New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from ... - Pure https://pure.york.ac.uk › Research › York Research Database › Publications Journal, Applied Soil Ecology. Journal publication date, Dec 2016. Volume, 108. Pages (from-to), 97-106. Early online date, 9/08/16. Original language, English ... New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from ... - Pure https://pure.york.ac.uk › Research › York Research Database › Publications New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from root-feeding insects. / Johnson, Scott N.; Benefer, Carly M.; Frew, Adam; Griffiths, Bryan S.; ... Below-ground frontiers in trait-based plant ecology - Laliberté - 2016 ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.14247/full by E Laliberté - 2016 - Cited by 6 - Related articles Oct 13, 2016 - Etienne Laliberté was awarded the 2016 New Phytologist Tansley Medal for excellence in plant science. The medal is in recognition of ... New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from root ... boris.unibe.ch/90561/ by SN Johnson - 2016 - Cited by 3 - Related articles Dec 21, 2016 - New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from root-feeding insects. Johnson, Scott N.; Benefer, Carly M.; Frew, Adam; Griffiths, ... Frontiers | Belowground Ecology of Scarabs Feeding on Grass Roots ... journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2016.00321/full by A Frew - 2016 - Cited by 6 - Related articles Jump to Host Plants and Feeding Behavior - For some pest scarab species, feeding ecology has ... as a sporadic pest of pastures and crops across New ... Scott N Johnson, Carly M Benefer, Adam Frew, Bryan S Griffiths ... https://libra.unine.ch/Publications/Par-institut/.../33682 Translate this page Dec 1, 2016 - Résumé. Mots-clés. Citation, S. N. Johnson, et al., "New frontiers in belowground ecology for plant protection from root-feeding insects," Applied ...
