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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اغماض در انجام وظایف به تاخیر افتاده در زمینه های اجتماعی و غیر اجتماعی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Tolerance to delayed reward tasks in social and non-social contexts
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Humans and other animals frequently make decisions that promise a benefit on the short run, but turn out to be detrimental on the long run. At the same time, they have developed more or less efficient ways to manage the temptation of instant gratification whenever the immediate outcomes of a choice are less convenient than the future prospects. One characteristic that governs decisions about future consequences is called impulsivity (Kalenscher et al., 2006). Although impulsivity can be broadly defined as behavioural actions without adequate forethought and poor consideration of consequences prior to action (Broos et al., 2012; Rayment et al., 2015), there is little scientific consensus on the exact nature or definition of impulsivity (Evenden, 1999; Rayment et al., 2015). The most commonly used paradigm to study impulsivity in animals is delay-choice task which generally require a single decision at the start of the trial, either to choose a smaller amount or to wait longer to gain larger rewards (Mazur, 1987; Shifferman, 2009). This paradigm was utilized in a great number of species such as humans (e.g. Lawyer et al., 2010), non-human primates (e.g. Tobin et al., 1996; Warneken and Rosati 2015), birds (e.g. Green et al., 2004; Mazur, 2007), rodents (e.g. Green et al., 2004; Renda et al., 2014), insects (e.g. Cheng et al., 2002), and domestic dogs (e.g.Wright et al., 2012). According to this paradigm, the more choices for the delayed rewards and tolerance to delays, the more self-control an animal should have (e.g. Logue, 1988; Mazur, 1987). Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have been evaluated in some inhibitory tasks, like A-not-B and cylinder (e.g. Bray et al., 2014; MacLean et al., 2014; Marshall-Pescini et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2010, 2012, 2015; Sümegi et al., 2013; Topál et al., 2009a), little consideration has been addressed to delay-choice tasks. To our knowledge, Wright et al. (2012), assessed dogs for the first time in a delay-choice task and Leonardi et al. (2012) evaluated five dogs in a similar paradigm called delay-exchange task. In the case of Wright et al. (2012), subjects had to choose between two non-social cues represented by two wood panels of different colours that dogs could push with the paw or the nose. One panel would deliver a food pellet immediately, while the other delivered three pellets with a 3 s delay. Every time the delayed reinforcement was selected, the delay was increased by 1 s in the next trial. The dogs of this study tolerated a delay ranged from 7 to 27 s, showing considerable individual variation. Finally, an interesting approach was to correlate some behavioural and physiological measures with the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (DIAS, Wright et al., 2011), a questionnaire for the owners. Higher impulsivity DIAS scores regulation as assessed by DIAS correlated with reduced tolerance to delayed rewards in the choice test, and with lower levels of urinary serotonin and dopamine metabolites (Wright et al., 2012).
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