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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
استفاده کودکان پیش دبستانی از واکنش های احساسی برای استنتاج روابط: مورد مالکیت
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Preschoolers use emotional reactions to infer relations: The case of ownership
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
From early in development, children use others’ emotional reactions to make inferences about ambiguous and nonobvious aspects of the world. Children sometimes use emotional reactions to make inferences about objects in their environments. From 12 months, infants use others’ emotional reactions to infer whether novel objects and people are safe to approach, or should instead be avoided (e.g., Hornik, Risenhoover, & Gunnar, 1987; Moses, Baldwin, Rosicky, & Tidball, 2001; for a review see Vaish, Grossmann, & Woodward, 2008). Likewise, children aged three years and older can use others’ emotional reactions to infer the events that might have elicited these reactions (e.g., Fabes, Eisenberg, Nyman, & Michealieu, 1991; Kayyal & Widen, 2015; Russell & Widen, 2002; Strayer, 1986; Widen & Russell, 2004). Children also use emotional reactions to infer people’s mental states, including their perceptions, desires, beliefs, and thoughts. At age two, children use emotional reactions to infer what another person perceives (Wellman, Phillips, Rodriguez, 2000). At age three, children use happy and sad emotional reactions to infer people’s desires (Wellman & Banerjee, 1991), and at age four, they use reactions of surprise, curiosity, and fear to infer people’s beliefs (Bartsch, Campbell, & Troseth, 2007; Rieffe, Terwogt, & Cowan, 2005; Wellman & Banerjee, 1991; Wellman & Bartsch, 1988). From age three, children also use people’s emotional reactions to infer what they are remembering. For instance, they infer that a character is sad during a pleasant interaction with a spotted dog because it reminds her of a dog that previously chased away her pet rabbit (Lagattuta & Wellman, 2001; Lagattuta, Wellman, & Flavell, 1997). Another way that children may use emotional reactions is to infer relations. Suppose a group of people see a car with a smashed window, and one man reacts with surprise and anger. The man’s emotional reaction could be used to infer priorevents in the world (someone else probably broke the window) and to infer the man’s mental states (he did not want the car window to be broken). But his emotional reaction also suggests that he may have a specific relation to the car. For instance, he may be especially upset because he owns the car. Relations like ownership are similar to mental states because they are nonobvious (Snare, 1972), but such relations are notthemselves mental states. For instance, merely believing that something is yours does not make it yours, and you can own an object even if you do not like it, and even young children appear to grasp these facts (Flavell, Mumme, Greene, & Flavell, 1992; Noles & Gelman, 2014). However, no research has investigated whether children use emotional reactions to draw inferences about relations like ownership.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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