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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آتش سوزی، آب، و جامعه: به سوی تحقیقات منسجم در "آنتروپوسین"
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Wildfire, water, and society: Toward integrative research in the “Anthropocene”
سال انتشار : 2016 آنتروپوسین
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Humans are changing Earth’s surface at unprecedented rates; at the same time, humans must respond to this rapid change. Maintaining healthy ecosystem services require that we understand both human impacts and responses and anticipate how interacting landscapes evolve into the future. One process undergoing rapid change is human interactions with wildfires. Across the globe, wildfires are increasing in frequency and magnitude under a warming climate, impacting natural resources, infrastructure, and millions of people every year (Bowman et al., 2009). Simultaneously, human encroachment into fireprone areas has increased the potential for ignition, as well as risks and damages to human communities, and therefore costs to society (Gorte, 2013). In summer 2012, several wildfires raged across the Colorado Front Range (USA), including the High Park Fire near Fort Collins and the Waldo Canyon Fire near Colorado Springs that displaced hundreds of residents. The Waldo Canyon Fire caused $353 million in damages and two fatalities. At the time it was ranked as the most costly fire in Colorado history, only to be matched the following summer by the Black Forest Fire (El Paso County, 2013). These events raise urgent questions about how landscapes respond to disturbance and force us to rethink how society responds to altered landscapes. This increasing societal interaction with wildfires is becoming a common phenomenon during the “Anthropocene”—an era dominated by human activity. Understanding landscapes that are increasingly burned and subjected to intense human interactions requires a holistic and integrated approach. Traditionally, research on the biophysical effects of wildfire has emphasized acute impacts, including runoff and hillslope erosion, stream sedimentation, altered water quality, and degraded biological habitat (Gresswell, 1999; Shakesby and Doerr, 2006; Smith et al., 2011; Moody et al., 2013). Separately, literature on human dimensions of wildfires has addressed issues of vulnerability (e.g., Simon, 2012) while also focusing on human responses to the risks and outcomes of fires (e.g., Haight et al., 2004; Cohen, 2010). To fully understand and predict how fireprone landscapes will evolve with human interactions, we need to develop conceptual and modeling frameworks that emphasize interacting impacts and feedbacks (Bolte et al., 2007; Chin et al., 2014a), while also recognizing that full “recovery” of ecosystems is likely not possible (Vieira et al., 2004). Rather, iterative sequences of alternative stable states (i.e., new “normals”; Collins et al., 2012) may characterize the evolution of landscapes subjected to multiple human-caused drivers of change. Using the 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire in Colorado (USA) as an illustrative case, we outline potential research directions necessary for understanding the coupling between Earth’s surface processes and human activities. The research directions call for a range of interdisciplinary expertise from the natural and social sciences and engineering to understand the complex changes induced by fire. Systems approaches to tackling wildfires are beginning to emerge (e.g., Johnson et al., 2013) and include ways for humans to coexist with wildfires (Moritz et al., 2014). A need exists to catalyze such research by explicitly highlighting fruitful directions for interdisciplinary collaboration. We recognize that human interactions with wildfires are often greatest during and immediately after fires. Thus, we focus on changes resulting from post-fire effects, such as post-fire floods and debris flows at the intersection of fire, water, and society. First, we discuss wildfires in the “Anthropocene” that point toward a continuing surge in severe wildfires across the American west, concomitant with increasing damages and impacts on human populations. Second, we briefly review key fluvial processes that pose hazardous impacts to humans following wildfire. This review encompasses water quality and hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and stream ecology, serving as a basis for integrating knowledge from the social sciences. Third, we also discuss societal impacts and responses to the hazards produced by fluvial processes, focusing on vulnerability, economic implications, and management. Finally, using the case of the Waldo Canyon Fire, we explore overlapping topical areas that may facilitate interdisciplinary understanding and potential areas for integration. This integration allows us to pose new research questions within a systems-level framework. We discuss outstanding research needs, theoretical and methodological challenges, and implications for managing fire-prone landscapes and ecosystems in the “Anthropocene.”
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کلمات کلیدی:
Wildfire, water, and society: toward integrative research ... - Frames.gov www.frames.gov/catalog/23703 Apr 27, 2017 - Across the globe, wildfires are increasing in frequency and magnitude under a warming climate, impacting natural resources, infrastructure, ... [PDF]Water, Forests and People: Towards Integrative Research on Dams ... www.tcd.ufl.edu/Data/Sites/.../Announcement_Symposium_Dams_01_17_12_000.pd... Water, Forests and People: Towards Integrative Research on Dams, Natural Resources and Society in the Amazon. Co-sponsored by: Center for Latin American ... Toward an Integrative Theory of Business and Society: A Research ... amr.aom.org/content/24/3/506.full by DL Swanson - 1999 - Cited by 526 - Related articles Jul 1, 1999 - Toward an Integrative Theory of Business and Society: A Research Strategy for Corporate Social Performance. Diane L. Swanson1. + Author ... Publications - Kinoshita Research Group @ SDSU akinoshita.weebly.com/publications.html Wildfire, Water, and Society: Toward Integrative Research in the “Anthropocene”. Anthropocene, 16, 16-27. Available here. Knipper, K. R., Kinoshita, A. M., ... The Carpathians: Integrating Nature and Society Towards Sustainability https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3642127258 Jacek Kozak, Katarzyna Ostapowicz, Andrzej Bytnerowicz - 2013 - Nature In: Perzanowski K, Augustyn M (eds) Proceedings of 2nd annual meeting of ICE PAS, Bieszczady Axelsson R (2010) Integrative research and transdisciplinary ... World in Transition 4: Fighting Poverty Through Environmental Policy https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134207506 German Advisory Council On Global Change (Wbgu) - 2013 - Political Science Integrative research is not possible without deep rooting in individual disciplines. ... interactions between nature and society toward more sustainable trajectories ... Ecology and Society: Toward an Integrative Perspective on Social ... https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol21/iss1/art33/ by PJ Beers - 2016 - Cited by 1 - Related articles Jump to Literature cited - Towards a systematic study of representational guidance for collaborative learning discourse. Journal of Universal Computer ...
