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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
استفاده از روش های تجزیه و تحلیل خوشه ای چندگانه برای کشف اعتبار یک جامعه نتایج نقشه مفهومی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Use of multiple cluster analysis methods to explore the validity of a community outcomes concept map
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Literature in the field of theory-based evaluation (Chen, 1990) has suggested that statisticaltools may be used in the development of program theory, particularly in the area of outcomes evaluation. Also, such literature suggests (Leeuw, 2003) that three primary methods for reconstructing program theories can be used: a policy-scientific approach, a strategic assessment approach and an elicitation approach. The elicitation approach draws on ideas from cognitive and organizational psychology, and Leeuw notes that Trochim’s concept mapping method (1989) is an example of the elicitation approach. Programmatic outcomes can be understood as one domain in the context of Chen’s (1990) six-domain framework for program theory. Alternatively, outcomes can be regarded as part of a simpler program theory framework based on a linear logic model to represent inputs, outputs and outcomes (University of Wisconsin-Extension, 2002; W.K. Kellog Foundation, 2001). The purpose of this study is to explore the utility of concept mapping (Trochim, 1989) as a tool for articulating outcomes from a complex social intervention. Specifically, we examine variations of the basic concept mapping process and how such variations can assist evaluators in validly articulating programmatic outcomes. Concept mapping was first presented as a cohesive evaluation tool more than 25 years ago (Trochim, 1989). Briefly, the six steps for the process are: (1) preparation, which includes selection of participants and a brainstorming focus statement, (b) generation of focus response statements via brainstorming, (c) structuring of statements via sorting and rating, (d) concept mapping analysis (also known as representation of statements on a map), (e) interpretation of maps and (f) utilization of maps (Kane & Trochim, 2007). The current study constitutes an in-depth look at step four: concept mapping analysis. It will explore several alternative cluster analyses in an effort to produce the most valid representation of participant responses as possible. The discussion is primarily methodological with a focus on how valid results were obtained. Readers interested in substantive concept mapping outcomes as they relate to the social program in question are referred to Orsi (2014). Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2002) note that validity refers to whether or not an inference or knowledge claim or proposition is approximately true. They further note that validity is properly understood as a property of inferences, not a property of methods. Thus, when considering validity and concept mapping, the question is not whether concept mapping is a valid method, but whether concept mapping produces valid knowledge propositions for a specified situation or context. As noted briefly above, the fourth step of concept mapping is the representation of statements on a map. This involves conducting one or more cluster analyses.Ward’s hierarchical method of clustering is commonly used, although other types of cluster analysis are available. Furthermore, cluster analysis typically involves judgement, as more than one set of clusters may represent concept mapping data in a meaningful way. Decisions about what type of cluster analysis to use and how to select a final set of clusters have implications for the validity of the evaluation results produced. Therefore, in the current study, we ask whether or not using several clustering methods (e.g. agglomerative, divisive or non-hierarchical) and calculating clustering fit metrics serves the purpose of better enabling valid articulation of programmatic outcomes via concept mapping. A few past studies have examined the validity of concept mapping results. Dumont (1989) considered whether maps formed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) are a valid representation of a participants’ individual conceptualizations for a construct of interest. This study concluded that the maps were not entirely valid representations of participants’ experiences. Dumont did not, however, entirely use Trochim’s methodology. Cacy (1996) produced three concept maps relating to the nature of doctors’ practice-based research networks. Participants were asked to choose a concept map that “makes the most sense” to them, based on professional experience (1996, p. 95). Results showed that faculty doctors consistently chose a community practitioners’ concept map, rather their own map. Community practitioners did not consistently pick any of three possible maps. Cacy concluded that the study did not provide any certain evidence for the validity of concept maps (1996). More recently, Rosas and Kane (2012) examined possible measures of representational validity from a wide variety of concept mapping studies, focusing primarily on internal representational validity. Measures discussed include acceptable values for the stress statistic and also configural similarity. These measures focus on validity understood as “determining the overall match between the participant-structured input and the mathematically generated output” (Rosas & Kane, 2012, p. 237). Internal representational validity was found to be good across the studies examined. Although the focus of the current study is on validity from a quantitative and statistical point of view, concept mapping also includes qualitative data. Therefore, alternative considerations of validity are also appropriate. For example, Jackson and Trochim (2002) take a perspective from content analysis and suggest that collective conceptualizations from concept mapping are potentially more valid than are results from other methods which rely substantially on the researcher’s role or interpretations. However, with Krippendorf, they note that because concept mapping deals with social constructions, “ . . . there is really no way to establish a standard by which to judge the degree of error” in the expression of participants’ perceptions (2002, p. 330; Krippendorf, 1980). Also, Orsi (2014) discusses the credibility of outcomes using data from the current study and finds that outcomes are indeed credible to program participants who review concept maps. It remains the case, however, that no single and universally accepted measure of validity for concept mapping yet exists (Bedi & Alexander, 2009; Trochim, Cook, & Setze, 1994).
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کلمات کلیدی:
Framing Experience: Concept Maps, Mind Maps, and Data Collection ... journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/160940690900800307 by J Wheeldon - 2009 - Cited by 136 - Related articles Keywords: concept maps, mind maps, qualitative methods, multistage data ... explore reflexive analysis within qualitative research. ..... questions about project tools and outcomes delivered by the trainers. ... Role of the government and/or community in reform ..... Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. Applied Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1439877653 Brian Moon, Robert R. Hoffman, Joseph Novak - 2011 - Business & Economics Some participants commented that linear. presentation methods that follow a ... Some participants said that Concept Maps may be more appropriate to. ... be able to support. the construction of diagrams that explore hypothetical or ... Concept. Mapping. or any other tool would yield a better outcome than status quo practices. Concept Mapping as a Method to Engage Patients in Clinical Quality ... www.annfammed.org/content/14/4/370.full by M LaNoue - 2016 - Cited by 2 - Related articles It is prioritized in research funding at the Patient-Centered Outcomes ... As a patient/consumer engagement method, Trochim's concept map has been used primarily in public health community-based .... This process produced a type of hybrid group brainstorming as everyone could see the responses others had made. Research for Educators - Page 42 - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0170122050 Lisa Kervin - 2006 - Academic writing While there are many valid and worthwhile approaches to research perhaps the ... What problems or issues might be evident in the role of parents and community in a school? What role does technology play in improving educational outcomes or in ... concept mapping software Exploring the focus and boundaries of your ... Inquiry-Based Learning for Multidisciplinary Programs: A Conceptual ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1784418471 Patrick Blessinger, John M. Carfora - 2015 - Education A Conceptual and Practical Resource for Educators Patrick Blessinger, John M. Carfora. problem ... human communities, showing how local issues are globally interdependent. ... historical, or collective measurements of what is authentic, valid, or good. ... For Western individualists, such IBL outcomes may cause discomfort.
