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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نوآوران کاربر چه کاری را انجام می دهد که دیگران نمی کنند: مطالعه در مورد اعمال روزانه
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
What user-innovators do that others don't: A study of daily practices
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. The description of variables
2.1. Media consumption Media consumption has become a daily practice, and many feel left out without regular news updates. Today, the channels which can be used are plentiful, and so are the different behaviors of media consumers. In increasingly complex societies with interests in discourses on knowledge-intense topics, the role of the media goes beyond mere information diffusion. Media coverage converts complex scientific findings into a sequential series of events (McComas and Shanahan, 1999). This story telling translates complex developments into a more approachable and more memorable style. Due to this important role the media plays, unbiased news coverage is seen as highly valuable and the basis of functioning democracies. The instrumentalization of the media for political objectives has a long history in Russia. After the success of the Communist revolution, Lenin established the Communist party as a gate keeper to all media channels, and the situation did not change much throughout the following decades (Markham, 1967). A far-reaching freedom of press came after 1985 with Mikhail Gorbachev, when he introduced ‘glasnost’–‘openness’ or ‘transparency’ (Brooks, 2000). Journalists were free to choose what to report while still enjoying the economic security provided by subsidies (Hagstrom, 2000; Ryabov, 2004). Gorbachev introduced more transparency to help modernize the Soviet Union's political and economic institutions (Sakwa, 1990). Critique against the regime was not part of the deal and the party continued to hold the information monopoly. The media in Russia is protected by a restrictive law that forbids censorship but limits certain areas, like the disclosure of state secrets, the incitement of national, religious or class intolerance, etc. In today's Russia a public sphere has been established which allows for a vivid public discourse (McNair, 2000). This is especially true for the field of science, an area of great public interest in Russia.
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