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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
خدمات، کار عاطفی و ذهنیت
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Service, emotional labor, and mindfulness
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. What is mindfulness?
Mindfulness is a multi-dimensional concept with a rich and evolving history. For centuries, ‘‘sages across many cultures have trumpeted the benefits of mindfulness’’ (Dane & Brummel, 2013, p. 106). There are two main views on individual mindfulness. One emerged from contemplative psychology (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1994), the other from social psychology (e.g., Langer, 1989). We now explore these in detail and discuss their similarities and differences. 2.1. Contemplative perspective of mindfulness The modern term, ‘mindfulness,’ has its roots in the Buddhist notion of sati, the Pali word meaning awareness or skillful attentiveness. Although the term is of Buddhist origin, very similar practices and notions can be found in virtually all the contemplative branches of the world religions–—from Hinduism to Taoism, Christianity to Islam, and Judaism to Shamanism (Plante, 2010). Contemplative mindfulness emphasizes a nonreactive awareness and concentration of the body and the mind in the present moment. For example, Kabat-Zinn (1994, p. 4) argues that mindfulness refers to the awareness that arises through ‘‘paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally.’’ Similarly, Bishop et al. (2004) define mindfulness as a kind of non-elaborative, nonjudgmental, and presentcentered awareness in which each thought, feeling, or sensation that arises is acknowledged and accepted as it is. This tradition maintains that clearing the mind and living in the moment enables an individual to access the world directly as it is. It is a notion known in psychology as honest perception, in contrast to interpretation (judgment), projection, introjection, illusion, and hallucination (e.g., Yeganeh, 2006). The other important element of this perspective is that mindfulness is deemed to be a self-regulated attention that can be cultivated as a virtue by some form of reflective practice (Baer, 2003). This kind of attention is moment-to-moment and ongoing, alert to mental contents and aware of internal and external phenomena. The practice of mindfulness involves keeping the mind grounded in the present moment and–—over time–—reducing reactivity to what arises in the moment so that interpretations are increasingly decoupled from automatic mental processes, such as impulses or heuristics that are often biased or inaccurate (Dane, 2011). 2.2. Cognitive perspective of mindfulness The second view of mindfulness comes from social psychology, and specifically from the pioneering work on mindlessness and choice by Ellen Langer (e.g., Ie, Ngnoumen, & Langer, 2014). Langer’s concept of mindfulness emphasizes cognitive differentiation, the active drawing of new distinctions. Langer(1989) arguesthat mindfulnessis a basic state of mind, a state of alertness and lively awareness. This manifests in three ways: (1) the creation of new and the refinement of existing categories and distinctions; (2) the creation of new, discontinuous categories out ofstreams of events; and (3)the more nuanced appreciation of context and alternative ways to deal with it. Here, mindfulness is seen as a meta-process that interprets external and internal stimuli with a focus on drawing new distinctions.
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