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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
روند حرکت از کشف تا اجرای کاربردهای واقعی برای کاتالیست
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Moving from discovery to real applications for your catalyst
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Objectives: consider all expected operating conditions in the test protocol Successfully commercializing catalysts is an important goal of catalyst companies. It requires a multi-disciplined team composed of personnel from R&D, marketing and sales, manufacturing and technical service. One of the most important technical factors for success in the catalyst business is having a complete understanding ofthe expected performance goals, life and the probable conditions the catalyst may experience during its’ life. This is referred to as the “duty cycle.” Catalyst companies must develop testing protocols to consider variable feedstock compositions, flow rates, temperature and pressure variations, start up and shut down procedures, and of course pressure drop, life and costs among the most notable. Naturallythis requires close communication with the customer, the data of which is often protected by secrecy agreements. An awareness of the expected operating conditions needs to be factored into the test protocol to qualify the catalyst. Some processes are operated in a coking regime and therefore catalyst regeneration must be integrated into the process. Fluid bed catalytic cracking of crude oil fractions to gasoline and olefins incorporates a regenerator to remove coke from the zeolite based catalyst. The heat of combustion is integrated into the feed preheat. The catalytic dehydrogenation of propane to propylene, using an oxide of chromium (i.e. chromia) or a precious metal catalyst, generates appreciable amounts of coke which requires regeneration. In the Houdry Process for dehydrogenation of alkanes, multiple catalyst beds cycle through various process gases during which the accumulatedcoke is burnt offthe catalystina separate regeneration stage (which provides the heat for the endothermic dehydrogenation), followed by evacuation, and repeating the dehydrogenation step [1]. The test protocol for both these commercial processes, therefore, must include a number of regeneration conditions as an important factor in the design and qualification of a suitable catalyst. Besides carbon formation, preventing catalyst attrition in slurry or fluidized processes is another catalyst design feature. Thus, an important factor in qualifying an acceptable catalystfor processes where the catalyst is continuously moving is its mechanical strength. Examples of such important requirements are presented throughout this article. In this manuscript, while discussing the importance of evaluating catalysts under conditions close to actual processing conditions, we will also point out several gaps/needs in specific catalyst testing technology and methodology which are driven by the varying process conditions. Within the industry, such gaps/needs might not be pursued due to staffing, equipment and limited demands on time, while in the academic community such skills and focused characterization techniques are looking for new problems to solve. In industry fundamental research is needed, but pointed closer to the commercial target conditions. A few examples are also given of processes as they moved from discovery to commercial and the challenges that were addressed, often around the duty cycle. The authors will share some oftheir experiences that, following discovery, are typically factored into research and development of new commercial catalytic materials. Examples will be given for ozone abatement catalysts, water gas shift, FCC, deNOx, catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons for H2 generationfor low temperature fuel cells and for refinery hydrogen, syngas generation and the challenges in replacing precious metals with base metal oxides in gasoline three-way automobile exhaust catalysts.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Examples of Catalysts examples.yourdictionary.com › Reference › Examples › Examples of Catalysts In chemistry, a catalyst is a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen in a different way ... See many examples of catalysts. ... Add your example here. Catalyst demonstrates real-world applications of DSRA - TM Forum ... https://inform.tmforum.org/.../catalyst-demonstrates-agility-with-real-world-applicatio... Jun 11, 2015 - This Catalyst, Agility in Action: Real World Use of DSRA, demonstrates real-world examples of Digital Services Reference Architecture (DSRA). What are some common catalysts in daily life? - Quora https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-common-catalysts-in-daily-life Following are a couple of examples of some other catalysts. Enzymes are probably still the most common catalysts you come in contact with in your daily life, ... The Definitive Guide to Catalyst: Writing Extensible, Scalable and ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1430223650 Kieren Diment, Matt Trout - 2009 - Computers Writing Extensible, Scalable and Maintainable Perl-Based Web Applications ... One of Catalyst's real strengths is that it allows you to forget about your web ... Catalyst 5.8: The Perl MVC Framework - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1847199259 Antano Solar John - 2010 - Computers I don't recommend that you trythis for your real applications. Writing testsis a development aid, sowaiting until development iscomplete misses much ofthe point ... Catalyst - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1847190960 Jonathan Rockway - 2007 - Computers Catalyst will see this cookie and then restore the appropriate session data. To use cookies to manage sessions, load Catalyst::Plugin::Session::State::Cookie into your application. ... Most real applications won't notice thespeeddifference. Searches related to real applications for your catalyst examples of catalysts in industry uses of catalysts in everyday life simple catalyst examples catalyst in cooking or everyday life catalyst example sentence list of catalysts chemical catalysts list of catalysts in organic chemistry
