دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین کارآفرینی و چگونگی مهار ADHD از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اختلالات روانی و کارآفرینی : چگونه ADHD می تواند به طور مولد مهار شود
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Entrepreneurship and psychological disorders: How ADHD can be productively harnessed
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
The psychological perspective is one of the building blocks to the study of entrepreneurship. As a quest for ‘positive’ characteristics of aspiring and accomplished entrepreneurs, it defines what data are relevant for empirical examination and, inevitably, overlooks seemingly irrelevant data. For instance, prominent entrepreneurs such as Ingvar Kamprad, David Neeleman, and Richard Branson (to name just a few) have all been claimed to have ADHD (e.g., Archer, 2014) – a fact prior studies in entrepreneurship have ignored. Rather than treat it as inconvenient noise, this paper treats this observation as a potential signal to be explored. ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental psychological disorder characterized by problems with focus, impulsivity and activity level. It is associated with several negative consequences such as crime and imprisonment, academic underperformance, drug use and social exclusion (Pratt et al., 2002). But people with ADHD may potentially have qualities that make them well suited for entrepreneurship. The remarkable examples above have spurred substantial speculation concerning potentially positive associations between ADHD and entrepreneurship. Little academic research has been carried out on the topic, however. What little exists indicates that there may be some positive associations. Elevated rates of selfemployment (Mannuzza et al., 1993; Verheul et al., 2016), higher entrepreneurial intentions (Verheul et al., 2015) and a positive association between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial orientation (Thurik et al., 2016) have been noted, but the causal mechanisms linking ADHD to entrepreneurship are still not well understood. Therefore, this research sets out to explore this question using an inductive, case study approach. It poses the following research questions: How does ADHD influence (i) the decision to engage in entrepreneurial action and (ii) the success of entrepreneurial action? At least three different mechanisms could be at play. First, entrepreneurship may be an occupational choice favored by people with ADHD because they are pushed out of regular employment. ADHD may require adjustments be made to a job which may be harder to accomplish in paid employment that in self-employment. Therefore, self-employment offers people with ADHD the possibility to better capitalize on their strengths while minimizing the impact of their weaknesses which increases the relative utility of self-employment (Verheul et al., 2016; Wiklund et al., 2016). Second, in order to be successful and develop their full potential these individuals must develop coping strategies (Logan, 2009). These strategies can be highly valuable in their subsequent entrepreneurial endeavors. Successfully overcoming the challenges of a mental disorder can provide entrepreneurs with the resilience needed to persevere through the challenges and setbacks faced during the entrepreneurial process (Hayward et al., 2010). Third, recent advances in neuroscience reveal a hereditary neurological basis for ADHD (e.g., Katragadda and Schubiner, 2007). These brain differences have remained in the gene pool throughout evolution suggesting that they represent natural variations (e.g., Ortega, 2009). In many ways it leads to traits and behaviors that are dysfunctional. In some contexts, however, traits associated with the disorder provide advantages. Genetic variations of dopamine receptors in ADHD are associated with increased novelty-seeking and risk taking. This may be directly related to increased propensity for entrepreneurship because it is a context that rewards novelty seeking and risk taking (Nicolaou et al., 2011). Understanding the mechanisms involved in the relationship between ADHD and entrepreneurship is critically important both theoretically and empirically. Against attributions of entrepreneurial action to overwhelmingly “positive” individual characteristics such as self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and human capital, as indicated by recent meta-analytical reviews (e.g., Frese and Gielnik, 2014), it is virtually impossible to find any positive implications of “negative” disorders such as ADHD in the scholarly literature. Given that acting entrepreneurially is crucial in today's hyper-competitive, high-velocity global business environment, findings that “negative” ADHD characteristics facilitate entrepreneurial action would challenge explicit and implicit assumptions within both these literatures, opening up new avenues for theoretical development.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Entrepreneurship and psychological disorders:how ADHD can be ... opus.bath.ac.uk/51971/ by J Wiklund - 2016 - Cited by 2 - Related articles Entrepreneurship and psychological disorders:how ADHD can be productively ... traits for entrepreneurship, this paper explores how disorders such as ADHD ... Entrepreneurship and psychological disorders ... - Experts@Syracuse https://experts.syr.edu/.../entrepreneurship-and-psychological-disorders-how-adhd-ca... Dec 1, 2016 - Amidst predominant focus on positive traits for entrepreneurship, this paper explores how disorders such as ADHD influence the decision to ... Is There a Connection Between Entrepreneurship and Mental Health ... https://hbr.org/2016/.../222-entrepreneurship-ic-do-narcissists-make-great-entreprene... Feb 22, 2016 - While not a business book per se, her work does have relevance as more people are becoming aware of mental illness as a workplace issue. The Psychological Price of Entrepreneurship | Inc.com https://www.inc.com/magazine/201309/.../psychological-price-of-entrepreneurship.html It also reignited a discussion about entrepreneurship and mental health that ... disorders throughout his adult life--and he didn't expect much of a response. Genius in Madness? 72% of Entrepreneurs Affected by Mental Health ... https://www.startupgrind.com/.../genius-in-madness-72-of-entrepreneurs-affected-by-... This year, researchers at the University of California studied the link between entrepreneurship and mental illness. Their results don't necessarily reveal the truth ...
