دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین پذیرش نوآوری انرژی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
ظرفیت پذیرش نوآوری های انرژی در پرتغال: شواهد تاریخی و چشم انداز آینده
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The capacity for adopting energy innovations in Portugal: Historical evidence and perspectives for the future
سال انتشار : 2015
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Technology formation in the core and the process of spatial diffusion: theoretical framework
2.1. Determinants of the rate of diffusion of technologies Empirical research on the drivers of past technological transitions have identified a set of factors that influence the market penetration of new technologies and are likely to accelerate or delay their rate of diffusion (Grubler, 2012, 1998; Rogers, 2003): relative advantage, size of potential market, disruptiveness and existence of antecedent markets, technological complexity and infrastructure needs. The relative advantage of a technology refers to the way it performs better a particular task, is more efficient or cheaper than rival technologies. The higher the relative advantage, the faster the market penetration (Fouquet, 2012). The size of the potential market (scale of diffusion) is another important factor, as high market penetration is likely to require more time to prepare the technology and organize the production (Wilson, 2012, 2009;Wilson and Grubler, 2011). The existence of antecedent markets determines the disruptiveness of the innovation. Technology disruptiveness can be assessed on the extent to which its diffusion depends on novel service provision, new supporting institutions or user practices (Rogers, 2003). The prior existence of a market and the nature of innovation — incremental or substitute vs. radical or rupture — imply different levels of uncertainty and therefore can introduce specific constraints in the rate of diffusion (Freeman and Perez, 1988). The complexity of the technology, i.e. the extent to which its commercialization depends on challenging unit scaling or on the development of other technologies, also slows down the diffusion process (Grubler et al., 1999). For instance, the development of steam locomotives was only possible when more powerful steam engines became available in the 19th century (Rosenberg and Trajtenberg, 2004). Finally, the needs in terms of infrastructure may severely delay the market introduction and growth of a certain technology. This was the case of transportation systems, such as railways, or energy sources, such as natural gas, which took several decades to develop and reach the current extent (Geels, 2005). The factors listed above may also impose contextual requirements that affect the duration of the diffusion process. For example, new environmental technologies that are not yet competitive are likely to have longer diffusion times, because of the need to create internal conditions, such as supportive regulatory frameworks or education and R&D investment. The more contextual points are discussed next. 2.2. Formative phase and mechanisms of spatial diffusion The processes at action in the emergence of new technologies are addressed by two streams of literature. A more empirical approach that studies the regularities of technology diffusion and of systemic technological change (e.g. Grubler, 1998; Wilson, 2009; Wilson and Grubler, 2011a), and a more theoretical approach that examines the emergence and growth of technological innovation systems through the constitution of the structure and fulfillment of key innovative processes or functions (e.g. Markard et al., 2012; Bergek et al., 2008; Hekkert et al., 2007; Jacobsson and Lauber, 2006).
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