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عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
A systematic review of concept mapping dissertations
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Every day doctoral students and their advisors discuss topics and methods. Such a conversation happened one day about 30 years ago on the campus of Cornell University, when a doctoral student named Dorothy Torre discussed her topic idea with her advisor, Bill Trochim (Kane & Trochim, 2007). That first conversation turned into a quest, initially through trial and error, to find a way to define a complex construct. Ultimately, the process resulted in Professor Trochim’s invention of Concept Mapping (CM). Coincidentally, the construct Torre wanted to study was empowerment. Since then, CM has empowered scores of students to complete dissertations and theses. On the occasion of this second special issue on the method, this paper will present a systematic review of dissertations that have used Trochim’s concept mapping methodology since the original study. The dissertation represents a unique facet of public knowledge, often referred to as part of the “grey literature” because it lies separate from commercially controlled, peer reviewed publications, but in an important domain with other kinds of high quality reports necessary for comprehensive synthesis (Andrés, 2009; Augur, 1998). It is now generally accepted that a comprehensive systematic review is not complete without a search of the grey literature (Hopewell, Clarke, & Mallett, 2005). The doctoralthesis is also unique because of its key role in the training of researchers, the possibility of methodological evolution through variation and innovation, and the quality control of doctoral committees. Dissertations generate all sorts of important and highly variable outcomes in terms of publications, careers, programs, grants, citations and other products, such as new measures. Theoretically, the file drawer problem in dissertations is much smaller than other literatures because all dissertations are part of the public record of degree granting institutions, which generally require students to submit their final dissertation to the UMI or another publically available database. 1.1. The first two concept mapping dissertations The first concept mapping dissertation to be completed was written by Rhoda Linton at Cornell with Professor Trochim’s supervision (Linton, 1985). This study was built on Trochim’s (1985) extension of Campbell’s Pattern Matching theory (1966). It was also a timely study in the context of the emerging area of Program Theory (Bickman, 1987; Chen & Rossi, 1984). The substantive focus of the study was construction and evaluation of a theory of an employer-sponsored child-care program. The study included a ladder graph to examine the match of predicted and observed effects, with a correlation to represent the overall degree of pattern match. This type of analysis became generally available to researchers using the CM software that Trochim went on to develop: The Concept System. Simultaneously, Torre was conducting her study, entitled “Empowerment: Structured Conceptualization and Instrument Development” (1986). It was an ambitious undertaking beyond the implementation of the new methods because the study goals included development of an instrument, including initial psychometrics. Torre’s study made use of early Concept System software developed by Trochim, along with multidimensional scaling (MDS) via ALSCAL in SAS and the SAS VARCLUS procedure to generate the hierarchical cluster analysis. The procedures utilized in the first two dissertations largely set the template for future dissertations and reflect the methods that became standard following the first EPP special issue. While the procedures in use today are very similar to those evident in the first studies, there were some that seem not to have been repeated in future studies. For example, in addition to study of item and cluster meaning, Torre examined the correlations between clusters, sorting them into a table of positive and negative coefficients to aid understanding of cluster relationships. 1.2. Evolution of methodology and the “Constructs in students’ heads” It was only four years between Linton’s dissertation defense and the appearance of the 1989 EPP special issue on concept mapping. Clearly the work with his students was ongoing and in the forefront of Professor Trochim’s mind as he described Concept Mapping in the first paper of the special issue: “Consider the plight of the graduate student who needs to define the major constructs for a dissertation project. While all of the texts on research say that it is important to define constructs, there is no concrete advice given on how to articulate a conceptual framework. The concept mapping approach views concept definition as a measurement task much like that of developing a scale” (1989a, p. 109). In fact, the problem of conceptualization has always been, and will always be, the first issue the doctoral student faces in constructing a dissertation (Heppner & Heppner, 2004). Concept mapping may be a unique method, but is not the first approach to defining constructs evident in the dissertation literature. Prior dissertations have included some similar methods, including multidimensional scaling of similarities (e.g., Messick, 1954). Writing about Samuel Messick’s dissertation, Jackson reported the following about what he learned about the study of “constructs in peoples’ heads” Jackson (2002, p. 3): “I think about how Sam Messick strongly influenced me in the development of my thinking about constructs and construct validity by introducing me to the quantitative analysis of judgments of psychological similarity. Messick convinced me that multidimensional scaling, regarded by some as an arcane method for evaluating psychological judgments, had the potential to permit the representation of the constructs of ordinary people as projections on dimensions in a geometric space. This in turn provided an orderly, rigorous way of measuring and thinking about people’s constructions of important entities in their psychological world” Indeed, Messick showed that MDS could be used with confidence beyond the laboratory in examination of complex aspects of thinking and behaving, such as attitudes. Trochim’s concept mapping procedures subsequently connected MDS to cluster analysis, pattern matching, and other procedures that have Fig. 1. PRISMA Flow Diagram. J.P. Donnelly / Evaluation and Program Planning 60 (2017) 186–193 187 extended the researcher’s ability of identify detailed aspects of the shared conceptualization of people of all kinds. Similar to Jackson’s comment on the usefulness of MDS, concept mapping can certainly be described as an orderly and rigorous way to obtain data on the way people think about things. 1.3. Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to identify, summarize, and synthesize all doctoral dissertations completed using Trochim’s concept mapping methodology. The review is systematic and largely descriptive. It may add to general knowledge about the method, as well as provide a point of comparison with the recent Rosas and Kane (2012) meta-analysis of 69 studies and the more remote but widely cited paper by Trochim (1993) that integrated 33 concept maps and provided guidance on assessment of CM
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کلمات کلیدی:
Handbook of Research on Collaborative Learning Using Concept Mapping https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1599049937 Lupion Torres, Patricia - 2009 - Computers Effect of Collaborative Use of Concept Maps on Learning Search Procedures and Inclusion Criteria We conducted a systematic review of research to ... Search Elite, Digital Dissertation, ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and Web of Science, ... [PDF]a Tool for Creating a Literature Review - CMC – Concept Mapping ... cmc.ihmc.us/cmc2008papers/cmc2008-p048.pdf by M Alias - Cited by 8 - Related articles Conducting a systematic literature review is an essential research activity in ... article or a chapter of a thesis is allocated to the literature review documentation. Visualizing Social Science Research: Maps, Methods, & Meaning https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1412991048 Johannes Wheeldon, Mauri K. Ahlberg - 2011 - Social Science A theoretical note on concept maps and the need for cyclic concept maps. ... A multidisciplinary systematic review of the use of diagrams as means of collecting ... Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Research Skills for Social Work - Page 25 - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0857259296 Andrew Whittaker - 2012 - Social Science A systematic review is a literature review undertaken using a strict, explicit and ... It is likely to form a necessary part of your dissertation and may be required ... A useful tool to aid this process is the concept map, which is a way of visually ... [PDF]Theoretical foundation and literature review of the study of concept ... www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/2016/ene/07.pdf by C Rovira - 2016 - Cited by 2 - Related articles scientific literature about those concept maps with theoretical foundations in the psychology ... literature of eye tracking in teaching and learning will be reviewed. .... were found: one PhD dissertation, five congress presenta- ...... “A systematic.
