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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تغییر ویژگی های جنگ و آینده تحقیق و توسعه نظامی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Changing characteristics of warfare and the future of Military R&D
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Background
“War is a murder, unless the use of the most recent peaceful means.” [October 4th 1922/Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Founder of Turkish Republic)] As in the words of Atatürk, the population-centric perspective should be the more prominent motivator for war studies. Conflicts and wars have been in human life in all ages with various motivations such as seizing land, killing an enemy, or changing regimes, and they will continue in the future with similar or somewhat varying motivations. The changing motivations, shapes and sizes of wars required the introduction of new military concepts and technologies and forced armies to reform themselves through RMAs. The RMA phenomenon can be traced in the literature beginning in Napoleonic times. Particularly starting from the 19th century, more systematic efforts have been made to adapt armies to changing characteristics of warfare through technological innovations in defense industries and organizational innovations in military concepts. Blasko (2011) described the relationship between defense technology and military concept as a “chicken-egg problem” (p. 355). Hence, there is no clear-cut distinction between the two; however, one usually drives the other interchangeably. Machine gun, airplane, submarine, and the Dreadnought class of ships were among the technologies, which altered the military concepts in the mid-19th and the early 20th centuries. There were significant changes in war concepts due to technological developments. During WWI and WWII from 1917 to 1939, the exploitation of internal combustion engines, improved aircraft design, and radio and radar technologies made the blitzkrieg, carrier aviation, and strategic aerial bombardment possible. The difference between WWI and WWII itself is an important example of technological developments and the eventual change in military concepts. Whereas WWI indicated the characteristics of a more conventional war, WWII witnessed the synchronization of air, land, and sea forces. A number of technology-driven innovations can be found in WWII. For instance, the use of railroads, telegraph, warships/battleships, rifles and artillery transformed the concepts of the military fundamentally. Military forces were organized, equipped and employed to achieve maximum military effectiveness by using new technologies. Finally, the amplitude of nuclear violence with the use of nuclear weapons helped to demonstrate the decisive role of technology in warfare. After a couple of decades, during the Vietnam War, the US confronted a new style of warfare called “guerrilla warfare” or “asymmetric warfare”. The need for tracing and the rapid deployment of forces was the major driver that shaped the US army's strategy. This changing war concept led to the use of helicopters at the battlefields in an offensive way for the first time, which can be considered an example of when the recognition of operational necessities shaped the use of technology in different or maybe more innovative ways. This search of innovative ways leads the nations to revolutionize their armies with the help of technology which was called Revolution in Military Affairs later. RMA that can be said is explicitly rooted in Russia's Military Technological Revolution concept during the 1980s, when the Soviet hegemony in the world was mainly based on its superior military technology rather than economic strength. According to Chiang (1990), in the uniformed military in the post-Stalinist era, the General Staff has been in the center of weapon systems development, integration, procurement, and deployment, in addition to its normal military forces' planning and development. Therefore, it can be assumed that Soviet military system institutionalized the technological military system for several decades. This centralized structure could explain their shorter cycle in utilizing novel technologies and deploying new systems and also it could explain the logic of technological revolution in military affairs, because they embedded the technological developments into the military institutions. Likewise the Russian RMAs, the US has transformed its army around the same times due to the changing war concepts. They changed their understanding of warfare with a technological viewpoint and competitive superiority and their most prominent application was during the First Gulf War. According to Krepinevich (1992)'s report, the Gulf War victory clearly revealed the importance of the RMA concept.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Topic A: Characteristics of Information Warfare - All.Net all.net/books/iw/iwdelphi/topica.html This topic will also provide context for future rounds. ----------- [Moderator] What are the defining characteristics of information warfare? [Campen] The risk in ... [PDF]How Future Wars Will Be Fought - International-Relations.com www.international-relations.com/CM2012/FutureWar.pdf by R Binney - Related articles outline of the characteristics of each strategic culture and examples of actors that ... understanding future warfare will be sought by identifying how these four ... HYBRID WARFARE: PREPARING FOR FUTURE CONFLICT www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA618902 by M Miller - 2015 - Cited by 2 - Related articles Feb 17, 2015 - In the future, hybrid warfare will be the most likely type of conflict the .... This characteristic is critical, because ending a hybrid war will involve. The Future of US Warfare - Page 1 - Google Books Result https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1317031008 Scott N. Romaniuk, Francis Grice - 2017 - History future. war. Francis. Grice. In August 1914, over a million French soldiers ... ways that these trends are likely to shape the characteristics of warfare in the future. Nature and Character of War and Warfare www.benning.army.mil/MSSP/Nature%20and%20Character/ Nov 21, 2014 - Studying the nature of war and the character of warfare will help you place ... a mere chameleon that slightly adapts its characteristics to the given case. .... Consider the most probable scenarios for the Army in future conflict.
