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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اثرات ویژگیهای بذر و نوع پارچه بر نگهداری دانه در انواع مختلف لباس
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The effects of seed traits and fabric type on the retention of seed on different types of clothing
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Dispersal is a key ecological process where plants disseminate propagules (hereafter referred to as seed) far from the source/parents (Howe & Smallwood, 1982; Willson & Traveset, 2000). An important dispersal mechanism is via human-mediated seed dispersal, where people intentionally or unintentionally carry and disperse seed (Ansong & Pickering, 2013a,b; von der Lippe & Kowarik, 2007; Wichmann et al., 2009). This includes seed on clothing, which is a special case of epizoochory, where seed is dispersed on the outside of animals (Cousens, Dytham, & Law, 2008; Pickering, Mount, Wichmann, & Bullock, 2011). With more people travelling and travelling to more remote locations, humans can unintentionally transportseed from a range of species, including weeds, over long distances (Ansong & Pickering, 2013c; Auffret & Cousins, 2013a). This type of long distance dispersal facilitates biological invasions in urban, rural and remote natural areas (Pickering & Mount, 2010; Pysek, ˇ Jarosik, & Pergl, 2011; Ware, Bergstrom, Müller, & Alsos, 2012). Clothing is an important type of dispersal vector as people can unintentionally carry a range of weed seed on their clothing over long distances (Ansong & Pickering, 2014a; Chown et al., 2012). Seed on clothing can be carried thousands of kilometres, with people travelling to very remote locations, such as Antarctica, found to have weed seeds attached to their clothing (Chown et al., 2012; Whinam, Chilcott, & Bergstrom, 2005). The number of seed attaching to individual items of clothing can be substantial, with over 600 seeds attached to individual socks after 5 min walks through weedy roadsides in a national park in Australia (Mount & Pickering, 2009). A recent review of seed dispersal from clothing found that seed from 450 species have been recorded attached to clothing, 87% of which are considered weeds (Ansong & Pickering, 2014b). Many of these weeds are known to have a range of negative environmental impacts including out-competing native species and altering ecosystem structures and processes. They also reduce the economic value of natural and agricultural areas and increase management costs (Richardson, 2011; Weber, 2003). Seed dispersal via clothing, as in all epizoochory, involves several steps: seed must first become attached to the clothing, then remain attached (retained) during transportation, and finally be deposited in new sites. Characteristics of the seed and the clothing affect each stage (Ansong & Pickering, 2014b; Ansong, Pickering, & Arthur, 2015). Differences in the size and morphology of seed, for instance, affect the potential for seed to disperse from clothing (Ansong & Pickering, 2014b; Bullock & Primack, 1977). The amount and type of seed dispersed is also affected by where on the body the clothing is worn, if it is covered by other clothing and the behaviour of the person wearing the clothing (Ansong & Pickering, 2015; Mount & Pickering, 2009). The adhesive quality of fabrics is also important, with differences in the number and type of seed retained on clothing such as socks depending on the type of fabric used to make the sock (Bullock & Primack, 1977; Whinam et al., 2005). Previous research has found that seed detach faster from drill cotton trousers than some types of sports socks (Pickering et al., 2011) and that sports and hiking socks vary in the types of seed that attach (Mount & Pickering, 2009). Understanding the importance of seed traits and fabric on seed dispersal from clothing is important when implementing strategies to minimise the spread of invasive species by humans. Despite its potential importance as a dispersal mechanism, there is still limited research directly assessing seed retention on different types of clothing (Ansong & Pickering, 2014b). Most of the research has been observational or natural experiments where seed were collected from clothing in natural settings or obtained as part of other activities, and the number and types of seed quantified (see Ansong & Pickering, 2014b; Auffret & Cousins, 2013b; Chown et al., 2012). A few studies have used manipulative experiments to assess different factors affecting human-mediated dispersal including types of clothing, species of weed and distances travelled (Ansong & Pickering, 2013c; Bullock & Primack, 1977; Pickering et al., 2011). The literature on seed dispersal from clothing is therefore sparse compared to thatassessing seed dispersal from other vectors such as animal fur and feathers. For instance, there are several manipulative experiments conducted under controlled conditionsthat have quantified the effect of seed traits on seed dispersal for more traditional examples of epizoochory including seed dispersed from the fur of horses, cattle and sheep (Bläß, Ronnenberg, Tackenberg, Hensen, & Wesche, 2010; Couvreur, Couvreur, Vandenberghe, Verheyen, & Hermy, 2004; Couvreur, Verheyen, & Hermy, 2005; Römermann, Tackenberg, & Poschlod, 2005; Tackenberg, Römermann, Thompson, & Poschlod, 2006; Will, Maussner, & Tackenberg, 2007). Where manipulative experimental methods were used to assess seed retention on clothing, the probability of seed detachment was found to be a function of time/distance since attachment, with most seed dispersed close to where they became attached to clothing (Ansong & Pickering, 2013c; Ansong et al., 2015; Pickering et al., 2011). Across the 14 species assessed to date, species with attachment structures such as barbs and hooks (e.g., Acaena novae-zelandiae, Acetosella vulgaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bidens pilosa, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra and Heteropogon contortus) have seed that remained attached to clothing for longer distances (>5 km walks) than species without these types of structures (e.g., Cynodon dactylon and Rumex acetosella) (Ansong & Pickering, 2013c; Ansong et al., 2015; Pickering et al., 2011). With so few species tested, however, there has been limited capacity to generalise from these results. To better assess some of the key aspects of humanmediated seed dispersal from clothing, we quantified the importance of seed traits (length, weight and attachment structures) and different types of fabric on seed retention potential. This was done using similar experimental methods used to assess seed retention potential on animal fur using a shaking machine under laboratory conditions. Specifically we assessed: (1) What is the retention potential of different types of weed seed on common types of fabrics used in outdoor clothing? (2) What seed traits influence the proportion of seed retained? and (3) How does the retention potential of seed vary among different types of fabrics? Answering these questions will enhance our capacity to generalise about the factors that affect human-mediated seed dispersal on clothing and develop recommendations about how to minimise how we may unintentionally contribute to biological invasions.
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کلمات کلیدی:
The effects of seed traits and fabric type on the retention ... - Plant Health planthealth.org/.../effects-seed-traits-and-fabric-type-retention-seed-different-types-cl... Mar 11, 2016 - Screen reader users, click here to load entire articleThis page uses JavaScript to progressively load the article content as a user scrolls. Screen ... To move or not to move: determinants of seed ... - Wiley Online Library onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01434.x/pdf by ER Chang - 2008 - Cited by 30 - Related articles Results suggest that buoyancy traits appear to determine whether seeds move in the drier summer and ... coat and a tenacious attachment to adult plant material ... Species given in bold type were used in the seed retention experiments. To move or not to move: determinants of seed retention in a tidal marsh onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01434.x/abstract by ER Chang - 2008 - Cited by 30 - Related articles Jun 4, 2008 - Seed type (buoyancy) was the most important factor when seeds were ... 5Results suggest that buoyancy traits appear to determine whether ... Seed Dispersal: Theory and Its Application in a Changing World https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1845931661 Andrew J. Dennis, R.J. Green, E.W. Schupp - 2007 - Technology & Engineering Richmond and Ghisalberti (1994) found a similarly strong inhibition of seed germination ... The frugivores' morphological and physiological traits, as well as retention times in ... fluids in the gut (which can vary depending upon the type of food ingested along with the fruits), water content, pH and proportion of plant material. Modelling seed retention curves for eight weed species on clothing ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aec.12251/abstract by M Ansong - 2015 - Cited by 4 - Related articles Mar 25, 2015 - We experimentally assessed the probability of seed detaching from ... Seed detachment varied among species on both types of clothing, but ... Klamath Falls Resource Area Resource(s) Management Plan (RMP): ... https://books.google.com/books?id=t_QxAQAAMAAJ 1994 Other effects of fire use include reduction of competing vegetation, short term release ... from low to moderate depending upon the type and the amount of seed used. ... Under all alternatives, limited retention of dead and down material would be ... enhance old growth characteristics and species across the entire landscape.
