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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
وضعیت بینهایت مرطوب منطبق با ترک عصر مفرغ مناطق مرتفع در بریتانیا
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Extreme wet conditions coincident with Bronze Age abandonment of upland areas in Britain
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
The impacts of climate change on past human populations remains unresolved and complex (McCormick et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2007). Although some studies have suggested deteriorating climate conditions impacted cultures (Büntgen et al., 2011; Huntley et al., 2002; Magny, 2004; Rosen and Rivera-Collazo, 2012; Turney and Hobbs, 2006; Williams et al., 2015), the biased selection of palaeoclimate proxies, the ‘smearing’ of archaeological chronologies and non-linear societal responses risk ‘false positive’ associations (Baillie, 1991; Caseldine and Turney, 2010; Coombes and Barber, 2005; Plunkett et al., 2013). Of particular significance in this regard is the Bronze Age, where climate change has been proposed to have played a significant role in large scale abandonment and migration around 1000 BC across the British Isles (i.e. 3000 calendar years ago or cal. BP) (Baillie, 1999; Burgess, 1985; Tipping et al., 2008; Turney et al., 2006; Warner, 1993), Europe (Burgess,1989; Menotti, 2002; van Geel et al., 2004; Weiss, 1982) and the Near East (Frank et al., 2002; Kaniewski et al., 2010; Kaniewski et al., 2015; Weiss, 1982). Recent work, however, has questioned this association, suggesting socio-economic or political factors may have initiated population collapse instead (Armit et al., 2014; Plunkett, 2009). High-precision dating and correlation of archaeological and palaeoclimate evidence are crucial for resolving this apparent impasse. One of the earliest studies suggesting an impact of climate on early European communities was the late Bronze Age abandonment of moor-wide boundaries known as ‘reaves’ on Dartmoor, an upland area in southwest Britain reaching 621 metres above sea level (Fleming,1988). Interpreted as a planned and systematic land division, the reaves are thought to have been established during the middle Bronze Age in response to grazing land pressure, but were proposed to have been later abandoned due to cooler, wetter conditions (Caseldine, 1999; Fleming, 1994). This pioneering work had limited age control (being based on just three radiocarbon ages) while the changing conditions were inferred from vegetation * Corresponding author. (pollen) responses to climate (which can be problematic givencompeting influences such as ecological succession and human activity in the landscape) (Caseldine, 1999; Dark, 2006; Fyfe et al., 2003). To what extent the abandonment of the reaves was a reflection of depopulation or simply a reduction in the intensity of human activity across the region is unclear. Although some parts of Dartmoor and other upland areas in the region were exploited for arable cultivation (Caseldine, 1999) as a consequence of population expansion (Woodbridge et al., 2014), most were probably used for pastoral purposes alongside mining to access mineral-rich seams (Webster, 2007). Whilst it seems likely that society and/or internal social systems would have played a role in individual and group decision making (Wickstead, 2008), subsequent archaeological studies have largely supported the idea of a less intense upland settlement during the late Bronze Age (Quinnell, 1997), suggesting a common cause for the shift away from permanent mixed agriculture in the region. It has long been recognised that new excavations on upland areas in the southwest of Britain will allow the archaeological evidence for abandonment of upland areas to be robustly tested against climate datasets (Caseldine, 1999). However, there has been limited development of radiocarbon datasets from archaeological contexts, whilst climate records from peat sequences in southwest Britain (Amesbury et al., 2008) have precluded a robust test of abandonment. Here we explore the value of a more expansive radiocarbon dataset for testing the hypothesis of climate change driven abandonment of upland areas during the Bronze Age using Bayesian age modelling and an annually-resolved record of hydroclimate from northern Ireland that is representative of upland areas across western Britain and Ireland.
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