دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین هنجار برای مقابله با چالش جهانی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
ایجاد هنجارها برای مقابله با چالش های جهانی: نقش سازمان های بین دولتی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Making norms to tackle global challenges: The role of Intergovernmental Organisations
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Global challenges and system transformation
The inclusion of Grand Challenges as an important target for STI policy at national and international levels, and the recognition of the different nature of these collective problems (JIPP, 2012; OECD, 2011), have triggered a series of studies attempting to understand and improve their governance. The need to engage heterogeneous actors and manage their interaction has brought the issue of coordination and cooperation to the fore (Edler, 2010; Prange-Gstöhl, 2010), while the governance of transnational programmes have beenevaluated ontheir ability to support priority setting,financing, knowledge sharing, outreach and capacity-building to aid problem solving and diffusion (OECD, 2012). Part of the academic work on the issue has focused on policy instruments and their potential for addressing Grand Challenges. A whole Research Policy special issue was dedicated to the scrutiny of mission R&D programmes in the health, agriculture, energy and defence sectors, including analyses of demand side instruments suchas public procurementfor innovation, and theuse of prizes and regulation (Foray et al., 2012b). These accounts highlight the different problems involved in solving Grand Challenges in comparison to narrower missions and propose a basis for better programme design. This literature, however, has been criticised for not addressing the transformative character of Grand Challenges by confining the role of governments to R&D and funding; giving little consideration to alternative actors; and, focusing on end-goals rather than on open-ended processes (Kuhlmann and Rip, 2014). 2.1. The rationale for a multi-level approach The problem partly stems from the current logic of the innovation systems approach, which aims at optimising firm-based innovation processes for economic growth (Foray et al., 2012a; Mowery et al., 2010). Weber and Rohracher (2012) argue that policies seeking to stimulate innovation at the micro-level need to be complemented by multi-level, transition-oriented policies able to deal with the more contested and non-linear political and policy processes involved in determining and supporting societal goals. Engaging with the transitions literature, the authors build on the multi-level perspective in which niches, regimes and landscapes interact and align to bring about system transformation. Their argument is that placing emphasis on regimes, defined around societal functions and needs, the multi-level approach can help “highlight the way these needs are fulfilled, the role of demand and use, and the inter-linkage of institutions, technologies and social practices”, complementing the narrower focus of systems of innovation (Weber and Rohracher, 2012; 1039). The combination of the two frameworks leads to the identification of four shortcomings that can hinder system transformation: directionality (identification of problems and establishment of shared visions, including requirements outside the innovation system); demand articulation (enabling the uptake of innovations by users); policy coordination (between national, regional and sectoral actors, but also between STI and sectoral policies); and, reflexivity (ability to monitor and involve actors in self-governance).
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کلمات کلیدی:
Public papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon. ... https://books.google.com/books?id=HQLhmgkCV48C 1972 We just want to make sure that that rise is done—that that rise occurs in a way that reinforces international norms and international rules and enhances security and peace, ... And no country can singlehandedly tackle global challenges. [PDF]UK aid: tackling global challenges in the national interest www.dtic.mil/doctrine/doctrine/interagency/uk_aid_strategy2015.pdf Nov 7, 2015 - no distinction between reducing poverty, tackling global challenges and ... the world's poorest, but in doing so best serves and protects its own .... Now, cross-government working is the norm, whether to tackle Ebola, reform. Social Norms and Global Environmental Challenges: The Complex ... bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/3/164.full Mar 1, 2013 - Social Norms and Global Environmental Challenges: The Complex ..... others are not doing their part and may reduce their efforts accordingly.
