دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین هزینه هواپیمایی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تغییرات هزینه های هواپیمایی: تا چه اندازه به مسافران مربوط می شود؟
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Airline cost changes: To what extent are they passed through to the passenger?
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. Pass-through in economic theory
According to economic theory, the pass-through rate of profit maximising firms depends on market structure (perfect competition, oligopoly or monopoly) and the type of cost change (firmspecific or sector-wide). Table 2 lists the pass-through rates for various combinations of these factors found in the literature. A similar overview is given by Jørgensen and Santos (2011). However, they focus on firms having other goals besides profit maximisation. The overview in this section is limited to profit maximising firms. For a general theoretical treatment of different market structures see Weyl and Fabinger (2013). A general rule for pricing is that firms will charge a relative mark-up on marginal costs of 1/(1 þ 1/Ed), in which Ed is the price elasticity of demand (Varian, 2010). If demand is elastic (Ed < 1), the relative mark-up will be greater than one, implying a cost passthrough of at least 100%. However, this rule assumes that Ed is a constant. For shapes of the demand curve in which Ed changes, other mark-ups apply (Bulow and Pfleiderer, 1983). Additionally, the elasticity of demand for an individual firm depends on the amount of competition. In this section, we show how pass-through varies in different market types and for different shapes of demand. In markets characterized by perfect competition, 2 fierce competition drives prices down to the level of (marginal) production costs. As a consequence, profits are at a minimum level. If costs go up for all competitors, they will have to increase their price as the only viable alternative to going out of business. In these markets, the elasticity of demand for individual firms is minus infinity, implying a mark-up of 100%. This means that sector-wide cost increases will be passed on entirely to the passenger (see Table 2). If, however, costs go up for only one firm, this firm cannot raise its prices, because in all likelihood its market share would then decline to zero.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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