دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین نقش سیستم انرژی محلی در ادغام انرژی تجدید پذیر از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نقش سیستم های انرژی محلی و ملی در ادغام انرژی های تجدید پذیر
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Roles of local and national energy systems in the integration of renewable energy
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
In the wake of climate change due to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in energy systems [1], countries and states are setting targets, plans and milestones for future renewable energy systems. For instance, Denmark [2] and Sweden [3] with 100% renewable energy by 2050, the state of California’s Clean Energy Future [4] and the European Union’s Energy Roadmap 2050 [5]. Alongside these governmental targets and plans are detailed plans for future 100% renewable energy systems made by university researchers. These are for instance Heat Roadmap Europe, which investigates increased district heating in future European energy systems [6], renewable energy systems in Portugal [7,8], a model of an Irish 100% renewable energy system [9], a plan for each state in the US [10] and a Danish plan for transition to a 100% renewable energy system [11]. Other examples are a model of large-scale integration of wind energy in Croatia [12], and the potential of renewable energy in China [13]. These studies have a national or state level emphasis. This means that the studies find suitable energy systems for each country or state but they do not identify the local implementation of the systems. This is an important point since future 100% renewable energy systems rely on resources where local planning is necessary such as decentral combined heat and power, wind power and photovoltaics. On the other hand, cities and municipalities are increasingly looking into climate and renewable energy targets, for example in Sweden [14]. This could be through strategic energy planning [15,16] or the application of smart cities concepts [17]. Even though these might be rooted in the national renewable energy targets, they do not necessarily take the specific national plans for a renewable energy transition into account. Danish examples of this are Copenhagen, which has a target of CO2 neutrality by 2025 [18], Sønderborg with a target of CO2 neutrality by 2029 [19], and Aalborg with a vision of a local 100% renewable energy system by 2050 [20]. Other examples are a plan for CO2 neutrality in Flensburg by 2050 [21] and a plan setting the path for CO2 neutrality in Seattle, WA by 2050 [22]. The focus of all these plans is to fulfil local targets; however, the steps they suggest might not align with the national renewable energy plans. The right local development is key to achieving national renewable energy systems, which is also pointed out in [23]. Otherwise, the risk is that decisions are being made which hinder 100% renewable energy scenarios. This raises the question of the degree to which the transition to renewable energy should be handled locally and the degree to which it should be handled nationally. In principle, this equals the balance between national energy systems and transnational systems, for instance a country and the European Union.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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