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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
مکانیسم های رسمی و غیر رسمی تخصیص: نقش باز بودن و نوآوری
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Formal and informal appropriation mechanisms: The role of openness and innovativeness
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. Data and methods
The hypotheses are tested using data from the Dutch Community Innovation Survey (CIS), which is conducted every two years by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) in the Netherlands since 1996. The Dutch CIS is part of the Europe-wide data collection process under the auspices of the European Commission aimed at collecting harmonized data on firm innovation activities in the EU. These data forming a basis for official EU R & D statistics are collected in accordance with the international guidelines for collecting innovation data from the private sector. The sampling methodology, as well as the harmonized questionnaire, is described in the OECD Oslo Manual (Eurostat and OECD, 2005; OECD, 2005). CIS is an appropriate data source for the research questions for several reasons. First, CIS is one of the few secondary data sources at the firm level that has a question on the extent to which formal and informal IP are prevalent among firms. The only other source the authors are aware of is the Yale survey (Levin et al., 1987) and a subsequent Carnegie Mellon Survey (CMS) of Research and Development (Cohen et al., 2000). Second, being a database collected and maintained by the Central Bureau of Statistics, CIS has advantages over primary data in that it has a large sample size, broad coverage of industries, and inclusion of different types of firms with respect to their characteristics such as firm size, and R & D intensity. Hence, the use of these data avoids the oversampling of large firms. Third, for the larger part CIS surveys are compatible across years, an important feature that allows us to use the lagged values of the explanatory variables in the analysis. These aspects of CIS improve the robustness of the inference that can be made from analysing CIS data. While the set of questions on the use of formal appropriation mechanisms (patents, trademarks, copyrights, and design rights) has been consistently included in several CIS surveys, the questions pertaining to the use of informal appropriation mechanisms (secrecy, lead-time, and product complexity) were included in year 2000 survey only. Hence, the hypotheses on the use of formal and informal appropriation mechanisms are tested using this cross-sectional dataset. Shortcomings of the CIS data and of the approach to the analysis are discussed in the limitations section. 3.1. Measures The first dependent variable, formal appropriation mechanisms, refers to the exclusive privileges granted to owners of a variety of distinct new creations in terms of intangible assets (discoveries, inventions, and new designs). Formal appropriation mechanisms includes patents, trademarks, copyrights, and design rights. The CIS surveys ask whether a focal firm has applied for any of these four formal appropriation mechanisms in the past two years. Using this question, the number of forms of formal appropriation mechanisms a firm had used are summed up. The second dependent variable, informal appropriation mechanisms, refers to the use of such forms of protection as secrecy, lead time, and product complexity as ways to guard innovations from competitors. The managers of the surveyed firms were asked whether any of these informal appropriation mechanisms were used in the previous two years. Based on the responses to this question, the number of forms of informal appropriation mechanisms a firm had used are summed up.3. Data and methods The hypotheses are tested using data from the Dutch Community Innovation Survey (CIS), which is conducted every two years by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) in the Netherlands since 1996. The Dutch CIS is part of the Europe-wide data collection process under the auspices of the European Commission aimed at collecting harmonized data on firm innovation activities in the EU. These data forming a basis for official EU R & D statistics are collected in accordance with the international guidelines for collecting innovation data from the private sector. The sampling methodology, as well as the harmonized questionnaire, is described in the OECD Oslo Manual (Eurostat and OECD, 2005; OECD, 2005). CIS is an appropriate data source for the research questions for several reasons. First, CIS is one of the few secondary data sources at the firm level that has a question on the extent to which formal and informal IP are prevalent among firms. The only other source the authors are aware of is the Yale survey (Levin et al., 1987) and a subsequent Carnegie Mellon Survey (CMS) of Research and Development (Cohen et al., 2000). Second, being a database collected and maintained by the Central Bureau of Statistics, CIS has advantages over primary data in that it has a large sample size, broad coverage of industries, and inclusion of different types of firms with respect to their characteristics such as firm size, and R & D intensity. Hence, the use of these data avoids the oversampling of large firms. Third, for the larger part CIS surveys are compatible across years, an important feature that allows us to use the lagged values of the explanatory variables in the analysis. These aspects of CIS improve the robustness of the inference that can be made from analysing CIS data. While the set of questions on the use of formal appropriation mechanisms (patents, trademarks, copyrights, and design rights) has been consistently included in several CIS surveys, the questions pertaining to the use of informal appropriation mechanisms (secrecy, lead-time, and product complexity) were included in year 2000 survey only. Hence, the hypotheses on the use of formal and informal appropriation mechanisms are tested using this cross-sectional dataset. Shortcomings of the CIS data and of the approach to the analysis are discussed in the limitations section. 3.1. Measures The first dependent variable, formal appropriation mechanisms, refers to the exclusive privileges granted to owners of a variety of distinct new creations in terms of intangible assets (discoveries, inventions, and new designs). Formal appropriation mechanisms includes patents, trademarks, copyrights, and design rights. The CIS surveys ask whether a focal firm has applied for any of these four formal appropriation mechanisms in the past two years. Using this question, the number of forms of formal appropriation mechanisms a firm had used are summed up. The second dependent variable, informal appropriation mechanisms, refers to the use of such forms of protection as secrecy, lead time, and product complexity as ways to guard innovations from competitors. The managers of the surveyed firms were asked whether any of these informal appropriation mechanisms were used in the previous two years. Based on the responses to this question, the number of forms of informal appropriation mechanisms a firm had used are summed up.
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کلمات کلیدی:
The use of patents and informal appropriation mechanisms ... publica.fraunhofer.de/dokumente/N-214133.html Thereby, not only the patent activities of firms, but also their preferences for different formal and informal appropriation mechanisms are analyzed. Firms are ... [PDF]The Choice between Formal and Informal Intellectual Property: A ... eml.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/Halletal14_formal_informal_IP_JEL.pdf by B Hall - 2014 - Cited by 102 - Related articles Apr 29, 2014 - use of other means of formal intellectual property protection. ( JEL D82, K11 ... among formal IP and informal appropriation mechanisms and. The Informal Economy in Developing Nations https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1107157544 Erika Kraemer-Mbula, Sacha Wunsch-Vincent - 2016 - Business & Economics Does the informal economy rely on different and potentially unique appropriation mechanisms as compared to the formal sector? Are innovation outputs and ... Issues in Innovation, Indicators, and Management in Technology: 2013 ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1490109919 2013 - Business & Economics Thereby, not only the patent activities of firms, but also their preferences for different formal and informal appropriation mechanisms are analyzed.” Our news ...
