دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین نتیجه و روند مشاوره زندگی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نتیجه و روند مشاوره زندگی: یک مطالعه موردی از نوجوان
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Life Design Counseling outcome and process: A case study with an adolescent
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
ange in career counseling from the perspective of the Innovative Moments Model
From the social constructionism perspective, change is a meaning construction process occurring within a matrix of interpersonal relationships (Cardoso, 2012; Gonçalves, 2000). These meanings are structured by the narrative thought mode (Bruner, 1986; McAdams, 1993; Sarbin, 1986; White & Epston, 1990). Still within this epistemological framework, the innovative moments' perspective (Gonçalves et al., 2009) provides an explanation of narrative transformation in psychotherapy based on two premises. The first is that narrative construction involves a dialogic process of negotiation, tension, discord and alliance among different self-positions or internal voices (Hermans & Hermans-Jansen, 1995). The second is that psychological suffering results from problematic self-narratives (Gonçalves et al., 2009) in which the diversity of positions within the self are seriously constrained. In this framework, change occurs when the client challenges the problematic self-narrative and thus introduces novelty into his or her habitual, but maladaptive, mode of behaving, thinking, or feeling. These moments are called innovative moments (IMs; Gonçalves et al., 2009; Gonçalves, Ribeiro, Mendes, Matos and Santos, 2011; White & Epston, 1990). A considerable amount of research has validated the importance of IMs in the process of therapeutic change for different clinical approaches and different types of problems (Alves, Mendes, Gonçalves, & Neimeyer, 2012; Gonçalves et al., 2012; Gonçalves, Mendes, Ribeiro, Angus, & Greenberg, 2010; Matos, Santos, Gonçalves, & Martins, 2009; Mendes et al., 2011; Ribeiro et al., 2014; Santos, Gonçalves, & Matos, 2011). Both hypotheses-testing (Gonçalves et al., 2012; Matos et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2011) and case studies (Alves et al., 2012; Gonçalves et al., 2010; Santos et al., 2011) have yielded support for a categorization of IMs into seven different types (3 low level and 4 high level IMs). The low level IMs allow individuals to distance from the problem through the performance of actions and specific behaviors against the problem (action I), new understanding that makes the problem illegitimate (reflection I) and positions of critique in relation to the problem or/and the others who support it (protest I). On the other hand, high level IMs refer too narrative elaborations focused on the process of change, such as references to strategies implemented to overcome the problem (reflection II), to of new positions expressing assertiveness and empowerment (protest II), to change and the processes underlying the change (reconceptualization) and, to new aims or projects, as consequence of change (performing change). Table 1 contains a description and specific examples of these IMs. Research has shown that the emergence of IMs, as well as the therapeutic process, follows a pattern characterized by low level IMs appearing in the early stages of the intervention. As therapy proceeds to intermediate stages, high level IMs and particularly reconceptualization IMs begin to emerge. Reconceptualization IMs are central to sustaining change because they provide coherence to the emerging, new position of the self while placing the client as an agent of his or her own change (for a more indepth presentation of the role of reconceptualization in change, see Gonçalves & Ribeiro, 2012). In the latter part of the intervention, performing change IMs emerge when the client mentions new aims or plans as a consequence of change. Research on the process of change in LDC (Cardoso et al., 2014a, 2014b) has revealed similarities with the patterns of change in psychotherapy, namely the gradual increase in the proportion of IMs across the sessions, which is an evolution initially characterized by action I, reflection I and protest I and allowing the client to create distance from the problem. Thus, innovations are more focused on the comprehension of the problem and intentions to cope with the problem at the beginning of the process. Gradually, reflection II and protest II IMs emerge, representing elaborations of how change has been developing as new selfrepresentation and references to alternative career plans arise. This pattern is also observed in the initial stages of psychotherapeutic interventions (Mendes et al., 2011). However, contrary to what has occurred in psychotherapy, reconceptualization IMs have not emerged throughout LDC sessions (Cardoso et al., 2014a, 2014b). We proposed two hypotheses to explain their absence. First, as opposed to what occurs in psychotherapy, the change process in LDC does not elicit these moments. This hypothesis is consistent with the studies developed on “spontaneous” or daily change with the IMM. In a previous study (Meira, Gonçalves, Salgado, & Cunha, 2009) on daily change, the participants only produced reconceptualization IMs when they were explicitly invited to elaborate on the change process. Curiously, only participants that changed significantly were able to produce reconceptualization IMs in response to the interviewer's invitation. Future studies with LDC may reproduce this design by inviting clients to elaborate on their change process, thus testing if reconceptualization emerges in changed clients but not in unchanged ones. A second possibility is that only three sessions of counseling are insufficient to produce reconceptualization IMs, as this type of IM usually emerges in the middle of the psychotherapeutic process. In this case, even if prompted by the counselor, clients should be unable to elaborate reconceptualization IMs, independent of the change status. Future research should address these hypotheses.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Outcomes and process in genetic counselling. - NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9147874 by A Clarke - 1996 - Cited by 151 - Related articles Clin Genet. 1996 Dec;50(6):462-9. Outcomes and process in genetic counselling. Clarke A(1), Parsons E, Williams A. Author information: (1)Institute of Medical ... A perspective on the history of process and outcome research in ... psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-14502-001 by CE Hill - 1993 - Cited by 254 - Related articles Traces the development of process and outcome research from before the foundation of counseling psychology in 1946 to the present time. First, theoretical ... Searches related to Counseling outcome and process in depth exploration in counseling interchangeable empathy evaluation in counselling how to measure progress in counseling exploration stage in counseling evaluation of counselling session stages of counselling process with examples five stages of counseling process
