دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین میکروب ریزوسفر از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
غلظت CO2 باعث تغییر در جوامع میکروبی ریزوسفر و توده خاک سیستم نمکزار
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Elevated CO2 causes a change in microbial communities of rhizosphere and bulk soil of salt marsh system
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Since the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has been anticipated to increase dramatically, many studies have been conducted to examine various aspects of the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on ecosystems (Bachman et al., 2010; Mayr et al., 1999; Stock and Midgley 1995). Although studies initially mainly concentrated on the response of the plant and soil chemistry to eCO2 (AbdElgawada et al., 2015; Langley and Megonigal, 2010; Lindroth, 2010; Perry et al., 2012), the effects of eCO2 on microorganisms in ecosystems have received increased attention lately (Freeman et al., 2004; Hayden et al., 2012; Lipson et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2011), as microbes play a key role in the biogeochemical cycle of ecosystems. The salt marsh system is a very rich ecosystem in which a dynamic nutrient cycle takes place. Accordingly, many researchers have shown an interest in the way eCO2 affects salt marshes (Drake, 2014; Erickson et al., 2013; Pastore et al., 2016). However, the number of reports about microbes in salt marshes remains small in comparison with other ecosystems. Accordingly, the response of the microbial community to eCO2 in salt marshes has rarely been studied (Weber et al., 2011). In particular, there is little information about the fungal and archaeal communities in salt marshes (Nelson et al., 2009; Torzilli et al., 2006). Fungal community is a central contributor to decomposition of recalcitrant organic matter, and the archaeal community has also been recently suggested to play a comparable role in the biogeochemical cycle of various ecosystems, including salt marshes (Seyler et al., 2014). As such, to clearly understand the dynamics of the nutrient cycle in ecosystem under eCO2, it is necessary to investigate the responses of microbes, including the archaeal and fungal communities. In terms of microbial composition, it has been reported that the proportion of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was higher in salt marshes than in other ecosystems (Klepac-Ceraj et al., 2004). With respect to the activity of microorganisms, sulfate reduction is considered to be one of the key processes for organic matter decomposition in salt marshes (Holmer and Storkholm, 2001), and it can contribute to up to 50% of the anaerobic carbon mineralization of wetlands. However, the way eCO2 affects the SRB community has not been well-addressed. Therefore, it is useful to investigate the way eCO2 may affect the abundance and distribution of SRB in salt marsh systems. In turn, this can help to understand the overall response of microbes to eCO2. As fixed carbon from plants is a primary source of microbial * Corresponding author. activity, the presence and type of plants may influence themagnitude of the effect of the eCO2 on microbes (Lee et al., 2015). In salt marsh, halophytes tolerant to salt stress are typical plant biome. Suaeda japonica is one of representative halophytes distributing in coastal areas of East Asia region. As they play a central role in protecting coastal area from erosion by climate change such as sea-level rise as well as maintaining function of ecosystem, their ecology and distribution are regarded as one of the indicator for normality of salt marsh. The salt-tolerance of halophytes is known to be related with rhizospheric microbes (Rodriguez et al., 2008). The rhizosphere is known as a hot spot for interactions between plants and microbes (Marschner et al., 2011) and it has been reported that the microbial communities of the rhizosphere and bulk soil differed (Grover et al., 2015) and that eCO2 could change the functional groups of the rhizosphere microbial communities, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Xu et al., 2013). As such, it is also important to investigate the effects of eCO2 on microbes in the rhizosphere and bulk soil separately. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated CO2 on the microbial communities – including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and sulfate-reducing bacteria – in a salt marsh system with halophyte Suaeda japonica using TRFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) and real-time qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction).
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کلمات کلیدی:
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