دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین مکانیسمی جهت جابجایی گونه گامارید از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
رقابت برای محل های سرپناه: تست یک مکانیسم ممکن برای جابجایی گونه گامارید
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Competition for shelter sites: Testing a possible mechanism for gammarid species displacements
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Various gammarids are omnivorous invaders of freshwater ecosystems (MacNeil, Dick, & Elwood 1997; Felten, Tixier, Guerold, De Billy, & Dangles 2008; Platvoet, Van der Velde, Dick, & Li 2009b) impacting macro-invertebrate communities at high population density (Kelly, Bailey, MacNeil, Dick, & McDonald 2006; Van Riel et al. 2006; Noordhuis, Van Schie, & Jaarsma 2009). Invasions by alien gammarids lead to competition with native and earlier established alien species, which can result in habitat shifts, niche reduction or even exclusion and displacement of the competitively weaker species (Leuven et al. 2009; Platvoet, Dick, MacNeil, Van Riel, & Van der Velde, 2009a; Van der Velde et al. 2009; Van Riel, Van der Velde, & Bij de Vaate, 2009). Gammarid species can be arranged from highly to less predatory (Platvoet et al. 2009a; Stoffels et al. 2011; Bacela-Spychalska & Van der Velde, 2013; Dodd et al. 2014) with the Ponto-Caspian invader Dikerogammarus villosus being the most predaceous compared with native and earlier invasive gammarid species. This species is a threat to freshwater ecosystems owing to its predatory behaviour (Dick & Platvoet 2000; Van Riel et al. 2006; Platvoet et al. 2009b). Based on laboratory experiments Intra-guild predation (IGP) is considered to be the main mechanism underlying gammarid species displacement processes (Dick, Montgomery, & Elwood 1993; Dick & Platvoet 1996, 2000; MacNeil, Bigsby, Dick, Hatcher, & Dunn 2003; Kinzler & Maier 2003; Dick 2008). To reduce predation risks, prey can try to escape from a predator and search for a shelter site. Shelter sites are a valuable resource and serve as protection, breeding or resting sites and in the case of predators also as a hiding place to ambush their prey. Availability of shelter sites has profound effects on IGP (Hacker & Steneck 1990; Garvey, Stein, & Thomas 1994; Kley & Maier 2005; MacNeil, Platvoet, & Dick 2008; Platvoet et al. 2009a). Furthermore, to avoid predation gammarids use shelter sites during the daytime and leave them at night, when the risk of predation by day active fish is reduced (Elliott, 2005; Lagrue et al. 2011; Van Riel, Van der Velde, & Bij de Vaate 2011). Devin, Piscart, Beisel, and Moreteau (2003) demonstrated that shelters appear to be size-dependent for D. villosus as a relationship exists between substratum particle size and the length of individuals and a partial segregation was observed according to length of the gammarids. D. villosus dominates the stone environment of regulated rivers, lakes and canals for shipping and avoids sand and leaf litter while Gammarus roeselii hardly differentiates between substrates. In the presence of D. villosus, G. roeselii coexisted by occurring in submerged vegetation in a Rhine tributary (Kley & Maier 2005) and was displaced on hard substrates in Lake Constance (Hesselschwerdt, Necker, & Wantzen 2008). The preference for and domination of D. villosus in the stony littoral resulted in displacement of other gammarid species that needed to find alternative shelterssuch assand, clay, leaflitter or vegetation when present. In this way a zonation of gammarid species can develop by which the species coexist in the samewaterbody through habitatsegregation (Hesselschwerdt et al. 2008; Platvoet et al. 2009a). We studied the sheltering of D. villosus and G. roeselii per species and in interspecific competition experiments to find out if there are shelter differences and/or competition for shelter during the daytime, which may lead to replacement of one species by the other. The hypothesis was tested by a series of laboratory experiments with both species to find out, (a) if single individuals of these species show shelter behaviour when a shelter site is offered without interaction with otherindividuals,(b)if differentsexes and size classes of each speciesshow differencesin sheltering behaviour when a number ofindividuals are introduced togetherin a microcosm (possible interactions between size classes and sexes), (c) if there is intra- or interspecific competition for shelter when the numbers introduced are varied, (d) if there is competitive exclusion in the presence or absence of a fish predator.
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کلمات کلیدی:
The art of choice: predation risk changes ... - Behavioral Ecology beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/19/beheco.arv009.full.pdf by Ł Jermacz - 2015 - Cited by 6 - Related articles Feb 19, 2015 - a preferred habitat, but the frequency of this displacement would be reduced in the presence of a ... However, these defensive mechanisms are usually ... gammarid species, either due to the decreased activity of D. villosus. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ1ofZyT778C Vol. 52, No. 3 - Magazine Consuming mainly filamentous algae, these species may influence the ... Animal food plays a significant (30-50%) role in the diet of gammarids with body length ... support the hypothesis that intraguild predation is the primary mechanism of strong ... may result in displacement of this species in locations with P. robustoides. Biological invaders in inland waters: Profiles, distribution, and ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1402060297 Francesca Gherardi - 2007 - Science ... for the displacement of indigenous Baltic Sea basin gammarid species when they ... The ecological mechanism of such co-occurrence still remains unknown. The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology and ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0306482010 Eric O. Odada, Daniel O. Olago - 2006 - Science conditions and give rise to new species flocks. The extant gammarid fauna of Lake Baikal is assumed to be the result of multiple invasions (Sherbakov et al., 1999). ... is still possible, through mechanisms such as character displacement etc. Invasive Species and Global Climate Change https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1780641648 Lewis H. Ziska, Jeffrey S. Dukes - 2014 - Science Displacement of a former community. ... Pollumae, A., Pollupuu, M., Jaanus, A. and Vetemaa, M. (2011) Alien species in a ... mechanisms, extent, and consequences. ... a nonindigenous and an indigenous gammarid in the northern Baltic Sea.
