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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تعیین کننده های اجتماعی و اقتصادی مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی در آفریقا: یک یادداشت تحقیق براساس مکانیزاسیون کشت مزارع
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Socio-economic determinants of agricultural mechanisation in Africa: A research note based on cassava cultivation mechanisation
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Critical factors affecting mechanisation adoption in Africa
The need to have food security is critical and the inability of countries in Africa to mechanize agriculture has remained a daunting task that has frustrated efforts at improving crop yields and by extension, prosperity. There are factors that have always undermined the efforts in this direction and these factors are critical because they form the nexus and basis for the inability of African countries to adopt mechanization. Therefore, these factors affect every facet of the aspirations of African developmental efforts. They relate directly to the traditionalistic outlook of the continent including the religious and communal values that may likely inhibit infusion of change and prosperity. Although the process of change may be inherently painful, acceptance of change can be particularly difficult especially as they depend on the internal dynamics of social and cultural structures of a society. In other words, new technology does not change society on their own, it is the response to technology that stimulates change. In most cases, in Africa, innovations are quickly recognised but are however not put to use for a very long time. In this section, we discuss some of these factors. 2.1. Social structure “Diffusion is a very social process that involves interpersonal communication relationships” (Rogers, 2003). Since diffusion of innovations takes place in the social system, it is influenced by the social structure (including norms, shared social experience, and perceptions) of the social system (Sahin, 2006). According to Rogers, the nature of the social system affects individuals' innovativeness, which is the primary criterion for categorizing adopters. The acceptability of innovation by a society is arguably primarily determined by the perceived or actual net impact of the trade-off between the negative effects and functionality of such an innovation. The economic and social structure of the society, rather than any benefits or enhanced functionality arising from new technologies, play a greater role in the way the society accepts innovation (Arends-Kuenning and Makundi, 2000). Target users of new agricultural technology (i.e. farmers) in Africa and for example cassava farmers, are more likely to accept a new technology which they believe poses the least threat to their existing social structure. The implication of this is that the social, political and economic structures prevalent in the user society of a new innovation should be considered at the conceptualisation stage in order to enhance a smooth introduction and acceptance. For major crops like cassava, family and communal production makes up majority of the entire production at any given time and these forms, found in Africa, are consistent with its economic production system (over 90% cassava production occurs in small farms). However, restrictions exist in these communal settings. For example, in some rural West Africa communities, a social structure may exist in the caste or in family units form (Tamari, 1991) depicted by Fig. 2. These structures provide stable and long-lasting domestic units able to work as a single cooperative group, to defend itself against others, and to care for all of its members throughout their lifetimes thus emphasizing the significance of the society's hierarchy. In addition, arable land is allocated through a complex system of communal tenure and ownership, rather than through individually acquired title. As technology provides economic mobility for involved individual (Galor and Tsiddon, 1997), adoption of some form of new technology tends to stretch this social structure towards rupture. As a result, the society actively resists infusion and continued use of such innovation and over time, the gains and sustained presence of the technological advancements reduces and collapses.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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