دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین موفقیت پارک علم و فناوری از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
متغیرهای موفقیت در پارک های علم و فناوری
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Success variables in science and technology parks
سال انتشار : 2016
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2. Theoretical framework
2.1. Importance of science and technology parks Despite the widespread and considerable investments, the debate on the effectiveness of STPs as tools for the advancement of technology and the development of innovation policies remains open. On the one hand, a group of authors argue that STPs do not have any relevant effect on the outcomes of hosted companies, given that they are not successful in fostering collaborations and synergies that represent an added value for those companies (Macdonald, 1987). In addition, Massey, Quintas, and Wield (1992) criticize the model of STPs. Several empirical studies have not found a significant difference between the companies hosted in a STP and the others in terms of innovation outcomes, research productivity, or innovation processes (Colombo & Delmastro, 2002). Conversely, another group of authors argue that STPs can create a supportive space for new companies based on knowledge and technology, in addition to facilitating technology transfer, attracting companies at the head of a technology sector, or promoting companies' growth. Some empirical studies show that the location in a park is beneficial to the companies for several reasons, including the creation of external collaborations—which might have a positive effect on the outcomes of the companies—the increase in the performance of research, and support when applying for patents (Albahari, Barge-Gil, Pérez-Cantó, & Modrego-Rico, 2013). A number of authors propose a possible explanation to reconcile these two different points of view: the parks are heterogeneous. Some parks work properly and generate values for hosted companies, whereas others are not successful. Albahari et al. (2013) assess the effect of the heterogeneity of the parks on the innovation performance of the hosted companies, which represents a novel view in the literature on STPs. 2.2. Characteristics of science and technology parks According to a report by the European Commission (2014), among all the characteristics of most STPs, those that clearly differentiate them from a technology park or another similar organization are the following. Firstly, they take into consideration careful policies for the selection of companies that the parks will host. Secondly, they prioritize the most innovative technology-based companies. Thirdly, they participate in the transmission of knowledge (mainly through universities and research or higher education centers). Fourthly, they also aim to cooperate and promote cooperation with other actors in the public and private sectors. Fifthly, they have and/or manage one or several incubators. Finally, they provide business support and services for innovation designed to increase the depth and the extent of innovation and knowledge and technology transfer within the region or locality and the park itself. In order to check the efficiency of the parks assessed in the study, the European Commission uses the following indicators (European Commission, 2014): a) Area of the parks and their built-up area. b) Number of hosted companies and their number of employees. Other useful information concerns the type of employment resulting from parks' activity and the number of skilled workers, such as doctors or engineers. c) Number of in-park companies and their number of employees. d) Rent and services that STPs provide, either by month, year, or in general. e) Type and range of services that the parks offer (broadband connection, videoconferencing, meeting rooms, events management, administrative support, etc.). Some of these services are free of charge, whereas others involve an extra charge or are part of the rental agreement of the company. f) Type and range of professional services that either the park (directly) or companies (following the park's indications) offer (accounting, tutoring, access to funding risk, marketing, development of advertising campaigns, etc.). These services may be free of charge or involve an additional cost for the companies that request them. g) Funding for capital and operating purposes. h) Investment projects attracted to the region by the parks and/or in cooperation with other institutions, such as research centers and regional agencies.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Science Parks in Europe | United Nations Educational, Scientific and ... www.unesco.org/...sciences/science-technology/.../science-parks.../science-parks-in-eu... 2) Science Technology Park Crete ... 4) Science and Technology Park of Epirus. Ireland. 1) Kerry ... 11) Swedepark (Swedish Science & Technology Parks) Science Parks in North America | United Nations Educational ... www.unesco.org/...sciences/science-technology/.../science-parks.../science-parks-in-no... 10) EverGreen Technology Park, Pennsylvania 11) First Union Science Park, Colorado 12) Florida Atlantic University Research Park, Florida 13) Francis Marion ... Science parks around the world | United Nations Educational ... www.unesco.org/new/...sciences/science-technology/.../science-parks-around-the-worl... Science & Technology · Science Policy ... Silicon Valley (USA) was a pioneer in the development of science parks the world. Originally known as Stanford University Science Park, Silicon Valley dates back to the early 1950s. It was followed by ... Science and Technology Parks eastp.ir/en-us/science-and-technology-parks A science park is an organization managed by specialized professionals ... Science and Technology Parks are the perfect habitat for businesses and institutions ... Fars Science and Technology Park: FSTP www.fstp.ir/en/ Fars Science and Technology Park (FSTP) authorized by the Ministry of Science,Research and Technology,officially started its operation in 2002 to create ... Searches related to science and technology parks science and technology parks in the world what is a science park role of science and technology parks what is a business park science park uk best science parks in the world technology park definition largest research parks in the world
