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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
کاهش اثر مهار گازهای اسیدی در گاز دودکش با استفاده از بافر ترونا برای رشد اتوتروف نانو کلوریس اس پی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Mitigation of inhibition effect of acid gases in flue gas using trona buffer for autotrophic growth of Nannochloris sp
سال انتشار : 2017
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main contributors (more than 75%) to climate change [1]. As an increase in human activities, the CO2 concentration in atmosphere has reached 404.02 ppm in February 2016 that is reported to exceed a safe upper limit (350 ppm) [2,3]. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ∼37% of entire CO2 emissions in the U.S. were produced from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity in 2013 [4]. Plants can convert CO2 gas (CO2(g)) into organic matter and store in the forms of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids by photosynthesis for diverse applications and products [5–7]. In this context, an interest in microalgae has recently increased due to fast growth (approximately 3 times faster than terrestrial plants) using CO2, a fair amount of lipids, and high heating values for potential use of carbon cycle and energy recovery [8–12]. In microalgae cultivation processes, bubbling air is conventionally used to supply dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC HCO3 − + CO2(aq)) for the autotrophic growth. However, atmospheric CO2(g) concentration is not high enough to generate the DIC concentration in culture medium for fast growth in engineered cultivation systems. However, it was reported that microalgal growth was significantly inhibited when CO2(g)concentration was higher than 5% and thus CO2(g) diluted with air was used in many previous studies [13–17]. Biological CO2 conversion via autotrophic microalgae cultivation could be a good option for reducing risk and offsetting the cost of carbon capture and sequestration. Coal combustion flue gas typically comprises of ∼10–16% of CO2 [13]. Therefore, direct use of the flue gas for the growth of microalgae can greatly reduce the cost for the separation and purification of CO2. However, the growth of microalgae was reported to be inhibited by other gaseous components in flue gas, such as NOx (100–300 ppmv) and SOx (230–320 ppmv) [13]. When a coal-fired power plant is equipped with SO2 and NOx control devices, these two concentration ranges are high enough to cover their maximum concentrations in the flue gas. According to previous studies, SO2 and NO significantly inhibited the growth rate of microalgae by lowering the pH of the culture medium [13,17]. Therefore, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was previously used to control the pH when high CO2 and acid flue gas components were present in flue gas [17,18]. However, it was reported that this method was effective only for some strains, such as Chlorococcum littorale and Chlorella KR-1 [17,18]. In this study, trona (Na3(CO3)(HCO3)·2H2O) was used as a buffer chemical to minimize the inhibition effect of CO2, SO2, NO, and HCl gases. Trona is a naturally-occurring mineral and comprises of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) at a 1:1molar ratio. Trona is also inexpensive compared to other sodium-based buffer chemicals such as NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 (trona: $0.10/lb; industrial grade NaHCO3: $0.46/lb; industrial grad Na2CO3 $0.55/lb). Trona has high solubility in water (120 g/L at 0 ◦C,
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