دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین مفهوم سازی یکپارچگی افزونگی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
یکپارچگی در مقابل افزونگی: مفهوم سازی چند بعدی از منسوخ شدن فناوری
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Integrated vs. add-on: A multidimensional conceptualisation of technology obsolescence
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Technology obsolescence: definitions and scope
Technology in this context refers to tools, devices and body of knowledge that mediates between inputs and outputs, and creates new products or services (Rosenberg, 1972; Tushman and Anderson, 1986). Technology can be conceptualised to include methods, techniques, equipment and devices (Dosi, 1984). One line of research has conceptualised products to include software, hardware and firmware, which are all subjected to threats of obsolescence (Bartels et al., 2012). Broadly speaking, there are different types of obsolescence. First, there is voluntary and involuntary obsolescence. Involuntary obsolescence occurs irrespective of whether the customer or the manufacturer necessarily wants to alter the product (Bartels et al., 2012). Voluntary occurs when the user or manufacturer allows the technology to die out. It can be attributed to its high inefficiency and high maintenance cost. There is also expected obsolescence, where the focal firm is aware of the time support service is to be discontinued or the machine becomes obsolete. Unexpected obsolescence refers to sudden changes in the position of the original manufacturer, e.g. declared bankrupt or issued with notices of impending closure or end of production. This then forces the focal firm to seek alternative sources of supply. Paralleling the above body of knowledge, some scholars have defined obsolescence as the degree to which an employee lacks the current knowledge or technological acumen required to deliver expected performance (Amankwah-Amoah, 2015b; Aryee, 1991; Sandborn and Prabhakar, 2015). From an engineering standpoint, the skills of engineers, electronic components and software are all subject to risk of obsolescence (Aryee, 1991; Wallis, 2010). Table 1 provides a sample of definitions of obsolescence used in management, operations and strategy literature. The table also illustrates the multitude of interpretations of the term. Broadly speaking, obsolescence occurs when a particular technology is considered less effective in addressing its current and future needs/problems of affirm relative to other technologies currently available and/or utilised by other firms (Cooper, 2004). Put differently, technological obsolescence occurs when the functional qualities of a product are inferior relative to newer versions of the same product (Cooper, 2004). It can also occur when devices and software become non-procurable from the original producer/manufacturer/supplier (Bartels et al., 2012). Some of the unique features of obsolete technologies include high failure and error rates, continuous breakdowns and repairs, increasing product recall associated with the technology, and high cost of operations and manpower (see Hitt and Schmidt, 1998). Table 2 summarises a range of technologies/products that have been considered obsolete.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Plug-in (computing) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing) In computing, a plug-in is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program. When a program supports plug-ins, it enables customization. The common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new ... Mozilla applications come with integrated add-on managers that, similar to ... Add-on card vs. Integrated sound - TechSpot Forums https://www.techspot.com/community/.../add-on-card-vs-integrated-sound.129939/ Jun 24, 2009 - 6 posts - 3 authors i was wondering what, if any, differences or advantages an addon sound card like an XFI SoundBlaster or ect. would have over integrated 5.1 For. Integrated vs. add-on video cards - Forums - CNET https://www.cnet.com/forums/discussions/integrated-vs-add-on-video-cards-60549/ Jan 27, 2005 - 8 posts - 7 authors I currently use the built-in/integrated video ?card? on my Dell 3.0-GHz computer for the display (I think it is called ?Intel. Integrated vs Add on cards - Ars Technica OpenForum https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=320246 Mar 17, 2006 - 3 posts - 2 authors I won't go into technical details, but almost any AGP, PCI-express, or PCI video card would out-do an integrated solution. What do you intend to ... Differences between Modules, Plugins, Extensions, and Fieldtypes ... https://docs.expressionengine.com/v3/add-ons/add_on_types.html ExpressionEngine includes different types of add-ons: ... Modules are larger systems that can be integrated into the ExpressionEngine control panel. ... that allow the add-on to pass information and add functionality to existing interfaces.
