دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین متعادل کردن انرژی بین بشریت سیاره زمین از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آگاهی جدید: چشم انداز اجتماعی و پر انرژی برای متعادل کردن بین بشریت در محدوده سیاره زمین
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
New consciousness: A societal and energetic vision for rebalancing humankind within the limits of planet Earth
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Age of crises — Energy, planetary boundaries and the idea of progress
According to Malaska (2001), the modern idea of progress is at the heart of the current environmental crises. Modern progress can be summarized as the pursuit of ever-increasing material wellbeing and individual liberties. It has its structural-material basis in the market economy (Stevenson, 2002), whereas the market economy is shaped by the ethos of individualism and the self-profit maximizing of individuals. Weber (2002) famously traced the birth of modern capitalism and the whole modern culture back to the protestant ethic, which emphasizes self-discipline, prudency, conscience, and the central role of individuals in interpreting the bible. In other words, the protestant ethic gave birth to masses of individuals as autonomic actors and thus laid the groundwork for modern market capitalism. Hard, selfdisciplined work and frugality led to the accumulation of capital and to the individualistic ethos, without which the current, highly competitive, “progressive”, and innovative market economy would not be possible. Malaska (2001) gives modern progress the following features. First, it is based on the notion that societies thrive best when individuals are given the freedom to follow their inherent ability for rationality and reason. One should get rid of unquestioned authorities and collective traditions. Second, modern progress emphasizes the acquisition and accumulation of knowledge, in other words natural sciences and the scientific method. The more we know about the world and the nature, the better we can control and utilize them. Third, modern progress strives for democracy, which is realised in the nation states and their political system of representative government. Distributed power is considered more rational than centralized and unquestioned power. Fourth, modern progress seeks to increase material wellbeing. This is pursued through technological innovations, industrial production, and the market economy. The core value and goal of modern progress is emancipation (Malaska, 2001). It is emancipation which is thought to be achieved with the above mentioned four features of progress. Modernity aspires to liberate the individual from the constraints of authorities and material conditions – so that he or she is able to seek for what is best for his/ her. Modern progress and emancipation are first and foremost about negative liberty, i.e. liberty from external restraints. Modern progress, however, has its internal contradictions, which hinder the realisation of emancipation. These contradictions should be overcome to realise “neo-growth”.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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