دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین فوم تقویت شده از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
سه فاز- فوم سخت شده و تقویت شده
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Reinforced and hardened three-phase-foams
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
1. State of knowledge Nowadays, in food, cosmetic or construction industries foams are commonly used for further implementation or as self-contained materials [1,2]. Hereby, biomimetic approaches enable to develop new materials [3]. Following the definition of Bikerman in 1973 foams are colloidal systems and based on aggregation of twophases. Commonly, foams are classified as gases dispersed in liquids but also gases dispersed in solids known as solid foams [4]. The former are wet foams and normally used for implementation in other binders to observe certain porosity [1]. Foams are unstable due to high surface energy resulting from the gas-liquid (dispersecontinuous) interface. Caused by the large total area, interfacial properties like surface tension and elasticity influencing foam stability [5,6]. Surface tension is defined as the ratio of work required to increase the interface and the related change of interfacial area. For lowering the surface tension and free energy of the system, surfactants are used which adsorb at the gas-liquid interface. Surface tension decreases with increasing surfactant concentration until critical micelle concentration is reached. At this point surface tension is no longer reduced and with further increase more and more micelles are formed. Nevertheless, the metastable foam system collapses after a certain time through its effort to lower surface energy. Destabilizing effects like drainage, coalescence and Ostwald-ripening result in complete separation of disperse and continuous phase [6e10]. Furthermore, also colloidal particles can be introduced in the disperse-continuous interface which is dependent on the wetting property of the particle surface [11e16]. Pickering emulsion is hereby one of the oldest and wellknown approaches of foam stabilization through particles which can be wetted by both disperse and continuous phase [11]. These partially hydrophobized particles are also observed by adsorption of surfactant molecules at solid-liquid-interfaces. Surface properties as surface tension and contact angle were determined through chemical composition of the three phases and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms are related to both the interaction between surfactant and particle and between surfactant molecules among themselves [12,17]. Several approaches of using long-chain surfactants or hydrophobic silanes were described to change particle surface properties. Gonzenbach et al. were the first group which showed high-volume particle stabilized foams which prevent drainage and fewer further destabilizing effects [18]. Due to the high content of modified particles in the liquid medium, high amounts of disperse-continuous interfacial area are stabilized.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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