دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین فساد انتشار گاز دی اکسید کربن از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
اثر فساد در انتشار گاز دی اکسید کربن در کشورهای عضو APEC: تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون quantile panel
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in APEC countries: A panel quantile regression analysis
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Related literature review
A survey by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)14 indicated that corruption was a common issue in both developed and developing countries, and comparatively it had greater effect on CO2 emissions in developing countries than that in developed countries. As for the impacting mechanisms of corruption on CO2 emissions, an array of studies has provided some explanations. On the one hand, because of the imperfect environmental regulation and the complexity of environmental issues, corruption can run deep into most of the departments from legislation to law enforcement, thus it may affect the ecologic systems and environment quality eventually. For instance, from the Guardian report on August 24, 2015,15 around 600 million tons of carbon was wrongly emitted under the Joint Implementation (JI) scheme of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was hit by serious corruption allegations involving organized crime in Russia and Ukraine. Besides, using the data of 94 countries during 1987–2000, Cole (2007) examined the direct and indirect effects of corruption on carbon emissions and pointed out that corruption can not only directly affect carbon emissions by environmental regulation, but also indirectly affect carbon emissions through its effect on economic growth. On the other hand, corruption may make environmental policies dif- ficult to carry out, and then may affect the levels of CO2 emissions. Callen and Long (2015) found considerable evidence about the relationship among political networks, weak institutions and election fraud, which could be called “governmental corruption” and was often defined as the sale by government officials of governmental property for personal gain (Jain, 2001; Shleifer and Vishny, 1993). Meanwhile, corruption in government was a key issue of ethics, especially the corruption in law enforcement (Glenn and Gordon, 2001). For example, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) pointed out that corruption in the environmental sector diverted funds allocated for environmental programs to private pockets through embezzlement and bribery.16 Winbourne (2002) held that corruption may contribute to the development of environmentally damaging policies and practices, and the unfair allocation of environmental resources, so that corruption always created harmful practices. Overall, previous research on the effect of corruption on CO2 emissions could be divided into two aspects, i.e., the direct and indirect effects. For one thing, many studies have considered the direct effect of corruption on the levels of CO2 emissions by means of environmental regulations. Related literature is summarized in Table 1. We can find that most studies showed that corruption and environmental quality tend to be positively correlated, thus corruption might increase environmental pollution.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Economic Growth, and Selected ... - MDPI www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/5/697/pdf by H Li - 2017 - Related articles Apr 28, 2017 - running from GDP and oil consumption to CO2 emissions, from GDP to oil .... Finally, for APEC countries, the empirical findings illustrated that. Green Investment Climate Country Profile – Singapore: https://books.google.com/books?id=63ILDAAAQBAJ Aldo Baietti, Andrey Shlyakhtenko and Roberto La Rocca ADAS APEC A*STAR BAU BCA BREEF CDM CEPO CER CERT CEVS CNG CO2 CPI ... Development Mechanism Clean Energy Program Office Certified Emission ... Scheme Compressed Natural Gas Carbon Dioxide Corruption Perceptions ... Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation | Energy https://www.apec.org/Achievements/Group/SOM-Steering-Committee.../Energy The feasibility plans include a set of carbon dioxide emission targets and ... (PREE), is one mechanism assisting APEC economies achieve their regional goal of ... Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation | Climate Change https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Fact-Sheets/Climate-Change May 13, 2015 - Thus, it is imperative that APEC economies, which account for ... plans include a set of carbon dioxide emission targets and initiatives from ...
