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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
فرسودگی شغلی در روزنامه نگاران: مروری بر مقالات سیستماتیک
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Burnout in journalists: A systematic literature review
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
In recent times there has been much discussion of the increasingly violent and fear driven nature of commercial news (Dworznik, 2006) and the media more generally (Furedi, 2006). The negative impact of news content on viewers has been a prominent trend within the academic domain (Newman, Shapiro, & Nelson, 2012; Smith & Wilson, 2000; Van der Molen and Bushman, 2008). There is global demand for up-to-date news, particularly when disaster strikes. However, often little consideration is given to the kinds of events and experiences journalists are exposed to in order to meet this demand. Past research and individual reports indicate that the potentially traumatic events (PTEs) journalists cover in their day-to-day work can have negative psychological implications for them, and therefore their families and the broader journalism industry. Psychological research concerning journalists has tended to focus on their exposure to PTEs and the associated individual level of trauma reactions and cognitive changes experienced, such as increased levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms (Feinstein, 2012; Simpson & Boggs, 1999; Weidman, Fehm, & Fydrich, 2008) or altered world assumptions (Pyevich, Newman, & Daleiden, 2003). A fundamental aspect of the work journalists do is to interact and form relationships with a wide range of people. These interactions commonly take place with victims, or friends and family of victims, experiencing some kind of news worthy crises or dilemma. Here the interest in not just on covering victims of large-scale disaster but also on general exposure to the broad spectrum of behaviours evident in society. It is not uncommon for local journalists to cover the same story more than once in some way or another over time, and therefore have ongoing contact with victims. This focus on getting the story from distressed individuals is comparable to the “relational transactions in the workplace” (Leiter, Maslach, & Schaufeli, 2001, p. 400) that play a key role in the development of burnout symptoms. Burnout is a concept that originally concerned human services personnel. The person-focused work of journalists parallels the experiences of those in the human services and is what makes journalists an important population when consideringburnout.However,unlikehumanservicespersonnel,journalists are not trained to make a difference directly in the lives of the people they work with, as they are there to tell the story and not to intervene. They also perform this role in an industry, and often organisational, context that individual reports have suggested is widely unaware and sometimes avoidant or stoic regarding the psychological risks of such work (Cooper, 1999; Matloff, 2004). In addition to this high level of PTE exposure coupled with reduced perceived efficacy to bring about change, there is a range of organisational and industry factors that make journalists a population of interest when considering burnout. And whilst important work has been done to assess trauma exposure and reactions in journalists (for a review see MacDonald, Hodgins, & Saliba, 2015), it is these organisational and industry factors that are omnipresent and increase general levels of stress amongstjournalists of all backgrounds and job roles and put them at risk of developing burnout. Indeed there have been a number of reports as early as the 1980s indicating that news organisations have sought psychological support services for their staff as a result of high levels of stress (Aiken, 1996; Shepard, 1999) and burnout (Wines, 1986). As an industry, journalism has undergone a number of changes and continues to evolve. Of particular interest to the current discussion is the drive to cut costs within media organisations. This frequently means reduced staff size and therefore increased workload, as well as long and irregular hours for journalists. Unfortunately this change has also been associated with reduced income for journalists despite the greater workload and responsibilities (Radio-Television News Directors Association, 2009). Journalists find themselves in an industry and organisational context of increased competitiveness, ongoing changes in technology and job roles, resource constraints, and constant deadlines. The result of these demands on journalists is that they have reduced capacity to perform basic self-care and work/life balance (i.e. maintaining relationships and a healthy diet, getting a good nights sleep, and exercising), further exacerbating the psychological implications of their work (Maskaly, 2008). Another issue is that recent graduates can quickly become disillusioned when they find that the values they were taught are not always fostered in real world practice contexts (Pihl-Thingvad, 2014). Journalists of varying experience levels are at risk of burnout when they have personal and professional motives for maintaining high practice standards in an environment where they have reduced levels of control, staffing support, budget, and a diminished sense of purpose (Goetz, 2002; Kalter, 1999). A unique concern in journalism is the “product of one’s labors playing out in public and carrying real stakes” (Kalter, 1999, p. 30), including potential legal ramifications and associated costs to the individual or organisation. As such, staff experiencing symptoms of burnout are a potential liability for organisations if they are not provided appropriate support. There is also an industry trend in which many roles and services are being pushed in to freelance modes, meaning less security and organisational support, and increased isolation for journalists (Newman, 2002). Each of the factors outlined are problematic in their own respect. However, the overall prognosis for journalists becomes even dimmer when one considers the traditionally stoic and cynical newsroom culture that pervades many organisations, meaning many journalists feel that they cannot seek social support from their colleagues or management without the risk of seeming weak or fearing the loss of their job (Di Giovanni, 2009; Vorenberg, 2012). Alternatively, journalists may turn to less useful coping mechanism such as alcohol because they are socially more appropriate in the newsroom culture (MacDonald, Saliba, & Hodgins, 2015). In addition to the impact of these factors on the individual journalist, the broader journalism industry is impacted in a range of qualitative and economic ways, as job commitment declines and employee turnover increases (Reinardy, 2011a).
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کلمات کلیدی:
Burnout in Journalists: A systematic literature review (PDF Download ... https://www.researchgate.net/.../297889474_Burnout_in_Journalists_A_systematic_litera... Feb 17, 2017 - The present study aims to provide a concise, comprehensive, and systematic review of the quantitative literature relating to the experience of ... We Need to Talk About Burnout in Newsrooms – The Local News Lab ... https://medium.com/.../we-need-to-talk-about-burnout-in-newsrooms-5a4077c6b82b Apr 22, 2015 - In the wake of this week's Pulitzer Prize announcements we learned that two of the journalists from the winning reporting teams have left ... Newspaper journalism in crisis: Burnout on the rise, eroding young ... journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464884910385188 by S Reinardy - 2011 - Cited by 71 - Related articles The three-component Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey was implemented to examine burnout among newspaper journalists (N = 770). With a ... Newspaper journalism in crisis: Burnout on the rise ... - SAGE Journals journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1464884910385188 by S Reinardy - 2011 - Cited by 70 - Related articles to examine burnout among newspaper journalists (N = 770). With a ... Newspaper journalism is in a state of crisis (Alterman, 2006; Edmonds, 2009; Picard,. Previous : Avoiding Journalist Job Stress and Burnout: A Career Change content.moneyinstructor.com/1739/journalistburnout.html Burnout occurs in every profession. For journalists it may be a sign they are ready for a career change. But it also may be an indicator that they are ready to ... Study Shows Journalism 'Burnout' Affects Women More Than Men https://pressroom.rferl.org/a/burnout-study/27477106.html Jan 8, 2016 - Professor of journalism Scott Reinardy surveyed over 1,600 journalists, 34 percent of them women, about levels of burnout, job satisfaction, ... Female journalists more likely to suffer burnout and leave the ... jimromenesko.com/.../female-journalists-more-likely-to-suffer-burnout-and-leave-the... Apr 9, 2015 - Reinardy has been on the journalism burnout beat for at least eight years. In 2007, he reported that journalists 34 and under were the most ... Study shows journalism burnout affecting women more than men | The ... https://news.ku.edu/.../study-shows-journalism-burnout-affecting-women-more-men Apr 9, 2015 - Female journalists are experiencing more job burnout and more intend to leave the field or are uncertain about their futures than their male ... Searches related to Burnout in journalists reporter burnout journalism stress scholar
