دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین عملیات انتقال کارکنان به مکان دور از ساحل از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آمادگی اضطراری و عملیات ترکیبی برای انتقال ایمن کارکنان به مکان های دور از ساحل
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Combined emergency preparedness and operations for safe personnel transport to offshore locations
سال انتشار : 2017
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Problem formulation
We consider the following problem: Personnel has to be transported to and from a number of offshore locations by helicopters. There are one or more onshore bases which can be used as points of departure. A full transport helicopter generally contains 2 pilots and up to 19 passengers. In case of a helicopter ditching on the way, the crew and passengers may have to enter the sea. Due to the environmental conditions, particularly the low sea temperature, the human body can sustain this immersion only for a limited time. Dependent on the person's physiology, body protection equipment, and the sea state, this time limit may vary, but the Norwegian petroleum industry has adopted a requirement that a person in sea should be rescued within 120 min [17]. While this requirement is enforced only within a security zone of 500 m around an offshore facility, we follow the argument in [12] that the consequences for a person in sea do not depend on whether he or she is within or outside of this security zone. We therefore assume this limit to be valid for the whole route, starting from the onshore base to the offshore location. Measures have to be taken so that the whole crew can be rescued within this time limit in the case of a ditching. Transports can be conducted on several routes at any time and in parallel, and all routes have to be covered by sufficient rescue capacity. It is, however, assumed that only one incident at a time can happen, which is a common assumption in risk analysis for the petroleum industry that is backed by its low accident rate [24]. For rescue operations, SAR helicopters and Emergency Rescue Vessels (ERVs) are used as RUs. An ERV does not carry out a rescue by itself, but is equipped with a Fast Rescue Daughter Craft (FRDC), which is launched from the ERV, proceeds to the incident site, and conducts the operation. Henceforth, the ERV/FRDC combination will solely be referred to as an ERV for the sake of convenience. Each RU has specific performance characteristics that influence its rescue capability. The location of RUs can generally be freely decided, but some restrictions may apply. SAR helicopters are typically restricted to onshore bases, but sometimes they also may be stationed on offshore installations or ERVs. It would be natural to use, for every offshore location, the direct route from the nearest onshore base, because this would minimize the distances traveled. However, in the case of a limited number of rescue resources, the only feasible option may be to bundle routes by choosing a common onshore base, or by using routes that are close to each other. In this way, RUs can be used more efficiently by covering several routes at the same time.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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