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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آیا دانش آموزان با عملکرد پایین به احتمال زیاد مدرسه را ترک می کنند؟ شواهدی از شهر نیویورک و دنور، کلرادو
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Are low-performing students more likely to exit charter schools? Evidence from New York City and Denver, Colorado
سال انتشار : 2017
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
In recent years, studies of educational policy have examined how incentives contained within polices have evinced potential or actual behaviors on the part of school personnel. Jacob (2005), for instance, analyzed the incentives codified in high-stakes testing policies and discovered teachers responded strategically to improve test scores by increasing special education placements, preemptively retaining students, and placing greater classroom emphasis on subjects covered in high-stakes tests and away from low-stakes subjects like science and social studies. An educational policy of particular interest in this milieu has been school choice. In her discussion of the policy theories of school choice, Weiss (1998) sketches out the essential premises of choice as an intervention and the role incentives play: Poor educational results stem from school leaders and teachers who face little pressure to improve; choice policies enable parents to choose from among schools, thereby providing an incentive for school personnel to produce superior outcomes—generally measured by test scores—to attract and retain families. A central assumption in this theory is that school personnel will seek to generate the best possible educational outcomes by max-imizing their organizations’ effectiveness (Friedman, 1955, 1962; Friedman & Freidman, 1980). Yet, some scholars have expressed concern that market-incentives may compel school personnel to pursue means of generating high test scores other than organizational performance, mechanisms such as manipulating the composition of student bodies (Lubienski, 2005; Lubienski, Gulosino, & Weitzel, 2009). The most recent of such discussions has focused on charter schools. As public schools of choice, charter schools enable parents to send their children somewhere other than a neighborhood school run by the local school district. As such, charter policies are designed to introduce into the educational system the incentives discussed above. Although self-evident, it is nevertheless worth noting that all the schools in an educational marketplace—charters as well as traditional public schools—compete for students, which means schools of choice face the same incentives—likely at an even greater intensity—to produce superior outcomes. A persistent question is whether schools respond to those policy incentives by discriminatorily manipulating student enrollments to affect aggregate outcomes. Of specific concern is whether charter schools—whose existence depends entirely on the ability to attract and retain students— “push out” certain groups of students (Zimmer & Guarino, 2013). The theorized motivation to do so is improving the school’s academic profile and minimizing costs by pushing out low achieving and educationally challenging students (Zimmer & Guarino, 2013).Prominent charter school critic Diane Ravitch, as just one example from many, has written that, “(Charter schools) are also free to push out low-scoring students and send them back to the local public schools. This improves their results, but it leaves regular public schools with disproportionate numbers of the most challenging students” (https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nyce ducationnews/conversations/topics/43167, para. 7). This common critique of charter schools was given additional weight when it was recently raised by New York City school’s chancellor (http://ny.chalkbeat.org/2014/11/20/ farina-implies-some-charter-schools-boosting-scores-by-p ushing-out-students/#.VJmrel4DrE). Yet, little is currently known about the factors that predict student mobility out of charter schools, particularly as it relates to similar attrition out of traditional public schools. Is it in fact the case that low-performing students are particularly likely to exit charter schools? To date, research provides surprisingly little evidence addressing that important question. Along with the policy consequences of charter schools artifi- cially improving their aggregate test score performance through student attrition, understanding student mobility is an additionally important issue because mobility compromises effective student learning (Heinlein & Shinn, 2000; Rose & Bradshaw, 2012; Scherrer, 2013) and school accountability (Finch, Lapsley, & Baker-Boudissa, 2009), making it a particularly relevant topic for policymakers and educational leaders (Dauter & Fuller, 2011). In this paper, we use student-level longitudinal data from two large urban school districts with growing and effective charter sectors–New York City and Denver, Colorado–to expand upon recent research comparing whether low-performing students are more likely to exit charter schools than they are to exit traditional public schools. Although they differ somewhat, our results are generally consistent across these two very disparate urban public school systems. We find that low-performing students are more likely to exit charter schools than are higher-performing students. However, this pattern is statistically indistinguishable from the exiting patterns seen within the local traditional public school system. Overall, in both cities we find that low-performing students in charter schools are either as likely or less likely to exit their school than are low-performing students in traditional public schools. Although this paper does not directly analyze the motivation behind student exits, these findings are generally inconsistent with the argument that charter schools systematically push out low-performing students.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Search Results Are Low-Performing Students More Likely to Exit Charter Schools ... www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272775716306677 by MA Winters - 2017 - Cited by 1 - Related articles Dec 7, 2016 - However, relatively little is currently known about whether low-performing students are in fact more likely to exit charter schools than ... [PDF]Are low-performing students more likely to exit charter schools ... iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/E3466.pdf by MA Winters - 2016 - Cited by 1 - Related articles Dec 7, 2016 - Are low-performing students more likely to exit charter schools? Evidence from New York City and Denver, Colorado. Marcus A. Wintersa,∗, ... Are low-performing students more likely to exit charter schools? econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:ecoedu:v:56:y:2017:i:c:p:110-117 by MA Winters - 2017 - Cited by 1 - Related articles Feb 7, 2017 - However, relatively little is currently known about whether low-performing students are in fact more likely to exit charter schools than ... Are Low-Performing Students More Likely to Exit Charter Schools ... https://www.researchgate.net/.../311483246_Are_Low-Performing_Students_More_Like... A common criticism of charter schools is that they systematically remove or “counsel out” their lowest performing students. However, relatively little is currently ...
