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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
عرصه بدن حرفه ای: ورزش، استقلال و جاه طلبی در شرکت های خدمات حرفه ای
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The arena of the professional body: Sport, autonomy and ambition in professional service firms
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. The professional body between autonomy and ambition
A central tension in professional work concerns the discourses of ‘autonomy’ and ‘ambition’ (e.g., Alvesson, 2000; Ekman, 2012; Kärreman and Alvesson, 2009; Michel, 2011). Following Kärreman and Alvesson (2009), the discourse of ‘autonomy’ captures the ways in which professional service work requires the exercise of independent judgment and discretion. That is, part and parcel of being a professional is the display of expertise, which implies and requires high levels of personal autonomy (Chreim, Williams, & Hinings, 2007; Ekman, 2012). However, professional service work is also inherently ambiguous as there are no clear-cut and directly observable criteria for evaluating quality and impact (Alvesson, 2000). As a result, there is a constant need for professional workers to perform a negotiated and socially recognized presentation of the self, namely that of the knowledgeable expert serving the client (Anderson-Gough, Grey, & Robson, 2000; Sandberg & Pinnington, 2009). This implicates a specific kind of disciplinary regime prevalent in professional work. In professional service firms, the central question of control shifts from how to directly control behaviors and practices to how to “ensure that employees realize the full fruits of their own expertise and ingenuity for the purposes of the organization” (Sewell, 2005: 687). The latter involves more subtle forms of control that aim at aligning the individual and his or her sense of self with the professional service firm (e.g., Alvesson & Kärreman, 2007a; Anderson-Gough, Grey, & Robson, 2001; Bergström, Hasselbladh, & Kärreman, 2009; Brown & Lewis, 2011; Costas & Grey, 2014; Covaleski, Dirsmith, Heian, & Samuel, 1998; Grey, 1994; Kärreman & Alvesson, 2004; Thornborrow & Brown, 2009; Whittle, 2005). In particular, the work of Foucault, 1977, 1980, 1982 has informed research on the ways in which discourses of professionalism can produce disciplinary effects on the self. Following Foucault (1982), one way disciplinary power operates involves the production of subjectivity through discourses that define how individuals should be. In the context of this paper, this operates as a key mechanism of the subtler form of control prevalent in professional service firms. In particular, Foucault also draws attention to ways in which social practices, such as surveillance systems (e.g., the panopticon), normalize and domesticate bodies (Foucault,1977; Lash, 1984; Shilling, 1991). Hence, through the lens of Foucault,the significance of the discourse of professionalism lies in the ways in which it produces and disciplines the conduct of selfhood and therefore the professional body (see also Fournier, 1999). Thus, “being a professional” (Grey, 1998) requires individuals to conform not only to certain ways of being and behaving, but also dressing, speaking and looking (Brewis & Sinclair, 2000; Driver, 2008)
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