دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین صخره مرجان از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
بهبود نتایج حفاظت برای صخره های مرجانی تحت تاثیر قرارگرفته با توسعه روغن نخل آینده در پاپوآ گینه نو
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Improving conservation outcomes for coral reefs affected by future oil palm development in Papua New Guinea
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Coastal ecosystems are under pressure from a variety of human activities (Jackson et al., 2001). Deforestation has been shown to cause widespread destruction on the land and to downstream marine environments (Rogers, 1990). In the tropics, oil palm agriculture has been identified as a major driver of deforestation and biodiversity loss (Koh and Wilcove, 2008). The impacts of oil palm plantations to terrestrial ecosystems are clear (Fitzherbert et al., 2008), but their effects on marine ecosystems are not well understood. Erosion from new plantations can result in poor water quality from increased sediments, nutrients and pollutants (e.g., agrochemicals) (Ah Tung et al., 2009; Comte et al., 2012). To exacerbate this issue, development of palm oil plantations is occurring upstream of sensitive and biodiverse habitats, such as coral reefs. The palm oil industry is economically important to many developing nations (Cramb and Curry, 2012), thus solutions that balance the economic benefits of oil palm with its ecological impacts are required. Poor understanding of land-sea linkages, in addition to limited data in affected regions, makes agricultural development and conservation dif- ficult. Coral reefs are vulnerable to increases in runoff that can result from extensive land-use change, due to smothering, light loss from turbidity, eutrophication, and toxicity (Bartley et al., 2014; Fabricius, 2005; Fabricius, 2011). Despite this, the potential impact of runoff from oil palm on these ecosystems is rarely, if ever, explicitly considered during planning processes. Ignoring cross-system interactions at the land-sea interface can hinder effective conservation decisions, and may resultin suboptimal or perverse outcomes (Álvarez-Romero et al., 2015a). Although guidelines for sustainable oil palm certification have been developed (OPIC, see http://www.rspo.org), the extent these guidelines mitigate the risks to marine biodiversity from increased runoff associated with new plantations is unknown, as cross-system impacts are not explicitly considered in the criteria for sustainability assessment. Robust decision-making frameworks for data-poor regions that can account for land-use change, predict changes to downstream ecosystems, and identify priorities for management action are urgently needed. There are increasing numbers of approaches to modeling runoff (e.g. N-SPECT: Eslinger et al., 2005; InVEST: Tallis et al., 2013; Sednet: Wilkinson et al., 2004), but rarely do these extend into the sea. Recent studies linking runoff loads to reefs use over-simplified erosion, transport and condition models (Klein et al., 2012), or ignore the spatially and temporally heterogeneous response of different reef ecosystems to changing runoff regimes (Rude et al., 2015). Further, existing efforts to prioritize areas for marine conservation typically use only threat maps, which do not account for the greater tolerance of some ecosystems to threats than others (Tulloch et al., 2015). Importantly, no one has linked reef ecosystem condition to fine-scale land-uses and impacts in a single framework for spatial prioritization for data-limited regions. Here we create an integrated planning framework that links landuse change under differing scenarios for the extent of oil palm expansion to their impacts on marine ecosystems in the data-limited province of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Our framework couples outputs from a terrestrial runoff model, ocean transport model, and ecological condition model, allowing the identification of coastal areas affected by land-use changes. Our approach builds on models of fine-scale regional erosion and coastal transport to predict sediment loads in coastal waters for data-limited regions (Álvarez-Romero et al., 2015b; Rude et al., 2015) by linking sediment loads to marine habitat condition and also accounting for changes in nutrients. We account for heterogeneity in the response of different reef ecosystems across space and time to changes in sediment and nutrient loads. Finally, we use model outputs in a marine spatial conservation prioritization that account for ecosystem condition changes from land-use changes over time. We answer the following questions:
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کلمات کلیدی:
[PDF]Oil Palm Development and Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in Papua ... press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2414/pdf/ch07.pdf by J Gabriel To prevent such abuses in the future, and maximise the benefits of agricultural ... scale agricultural development schemes in PNG, so oil palm schemes account ... Malaysian group fast expanding its oil palm plantation in East New ... www.thestar.com.my › Business › Business News Oct 27, 2014 - From left: Tan, Malaysia High Commissioner to Papua New Guinea Jilid ... Other future development could include the construction of a wharf at nearby ... “In the future, all new palm oil mills in East New Britain will be using the ... The Impacts of Oil Palm on Recent Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC) by V Vijay - 2016 - Cited by 16 - Related articles Jul 27, 2016 - The conversion to date, and future expansion, threatens biodiversity and ... Different scenarios of oil palm development will lead to very different ..... Peru, and Brazil) and Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea). Positioning PNG as a global leader in sustainable palm oil production ... www.pg.undp.org/.../papua_new_guinea/.../positioning-png-as-a-global-leader-in-sus... Apr 24, 2017 - ... a future of more sustainable palm oil production in Papua New Guinea ... with support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
