دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین شبیه سازی دینامیکی بارگذاری lng از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
شبیه سازی دینامیکی بارگذاری LNG، تولید BOG، و بازیابی BOG در پایانه های صادرات LNG
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Dynamic simulation of LNG loading, BOG generation, and BOG recovery at LNG exporting terminals
سال انتشار : 2016
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله شبیه سازی دینامیکی بارگذاری lng اینجا کلیک نمایید.
مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
The global production capacity of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is expanding very fast. Actually, LNG is becoming the fastest increasing energy sector due to the rapid growth in world-wide clean energy demands. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) indicates that the world natural gas trade will be poised to increase tremendously in the future by both pipeline and shipment in the form of LNG (Barden and Ford, 2013). About 285 million tons per year (MTPA) of liquefaction capacity has been proposed in North America alone (Ferrier, 2014). New LNG terminals, which are currently under construction, will increase the LNG production by 125 MTPA (Conti, 2014). In 2014 only, over 297 MTPA world-wide LNG operating capacity was recorded (World Gas Conference, 2015). LNG takes about 600 times smaller space as compared to natural gas of the same mass. Natural gas mainly contains methane, and requires very low temperatures (below −160 ◦C) in order to liquefy near atmospheric pressure. Vapors are generated from LNG due to slow boiling and other factors. These vapors are called boiloff gas (BOG). BOG generation is caused by several factors: (1) depressurization of LNG (flashing); (2) heat added by equipment like pumps; (3) tank breathing or vapor displacement; (4) environmental heat leaks through containers and pipelines; and (5) LNG carrying vessels being relatively hot while loading LNG. Heat leak from environment into LNG occurs continuously since there is always difference in temperature of ambient and temperature of LNG. The heat leak from hotter tank into LNG is due to heat content of the metal of the tank, which vanishes once thermal equilibrium state is achieved between the metal and LNG. Three main BOG generation locations are identified at LNG exporting terminals: (1) Flash Tank after the main cryogenic heat exchanger (MCHE), (2) Storage-Tanks, and (3) Jetty. BOG from the Flash Tank after MCHE (named as ‘FBOG’) is due to flashing of high pressure LNG from MCHX to storage pressure i.e. due to BOGgeneration-factor 1. BOG from Storage-Tanks (named as ‘TBOG’) is due to factor 1, 2, 3, and 4. BOG from jetty (named as ‘JBOG’) is generated during LNG ship loading, and is due to all of five factors listed above. JBOG generation is very dynamic in nature with respect to process conditions and also varies with LNG loading time. In several literatures steady-state behavior of BOG generation and recovery has been explained; however, dynamic behavior of BOG generation, especially JBOG generation, remains unexplained. LNG industries are actually facing BOG problems in different sectors of the LNG supply chain (Dobrota et al., 2013): during LNG production, storage, loading, transportation, unloading processes, and regasification processes. BOG generation and its handling during transportation has been addressed in many literatures including the following (Shin and Lee, 2009; Sayyaadi and Babaelahi, 2010; Pil et al., 2008; Romero Gómez et al., 2015; Bahgat, 2015; Hasan et al., 2009). Shin and Lee utilized Microsoft® Visual C + + 6.0 object-oriented programming along with REFPROP® 7.0 thermodynamic property calculator for dynamic simulation of BOG re-liquefaction process on LNG carriers (Shin and Lee, 2009). Sayyaadi and Babaelahi worked on thermoeconomic optimization of such re-liquefaction processes (Sayyaadi and Babaelahi, 2010). Pil, Chang Kwang et al. performed reliability assessment of these re-liquefaction systems on LNG carriers (Pil et al., 2008). Gómez, J. Romero et al. utilized Engineering-Equation-Solver program to model BOG re-liquefaction on LNG carriers; and optimized the process to increase energy and exergy efficiencies of cascade refrigeration cycle used for BOG re-liquefaction, by recovering cold energy from BOG (Romero Gómez et al., 2015). Bahgat, Walid M proposed storage of BOG as pressurized-LNG at higher temperature and pressure as compared to LNG, claiming decrease in energy required for re-liquefaction of BOG (Bahgat, 2015). Hasan, M. M. F et al. performed dynamic simulationof LNG transportationinAspen HYSYS process simulation software using Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state property method, focusing on minimization of BOG generated during LNG transportation (Hasan et al., 2009).
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله شبیه سازی دینامیکی بارگذاری lng اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
[PDF]Dynamic simulation of liquefied natural gas processes - Honeywell ... https://www.honeywellprocess.com/.../Dynamic-Simulation-LNG-Processes-eop.pdf by G STEPHENSON - 2010 - Cited by 5 - Related articles LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENTS. SPECIALREPORT. Dynamic simulation of liquefied natural gas processes. Here's how to improve the process ... [PDF]Dynamic simulation: a case study - AspenTech www.aspentech.com/.../Hydrocarbon%20Engineering%20May2005%20Dyn%20Sim.... Dynamic simulation: a case study. Jorge Contreras, SENER Ingeniería y Sistemas ... An LNG terminal has two modes of operation: unloading from a ship or no ... [PDF]Application of Dynamic Simulation and Optimization in LNG Plants www.aspentech.com/.../application_of_dynamic_simulation_and_optimization_of_ln... Oct 13, 2004 - Life Cycle Dynamic Simulation of LNG Process ... Plant-wide Dynamic Simulation Model in Hysys. .... Depends on available refrigeration load. Storage tank loading schedules at LNG terminals. A dynamic ... processecology.com/.../storage-tank-loading-schedules-at-lng-terminals-a-dynamic-si... Jun 26, 2014 - Storage tank loading schedules at LNG terminals. A dynamic ... Figure 1. Configuration of the dynamic simulation model in Aspen HYSYS ... dynamic simulation for improving the performance of boil-off gas ... www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00986445.2012.660894 by Y Li - 2012 - Cited by 5 - Related articles requires sufficient care under various situations, especially when LNG load and ... system at an LNG receiving terminal and employs dynamic simulations to ... Steady-state and dynamic simulation study on boil-off gas ... search.proquest.com/openview/9127b4d4dc3dee9d4116e16545ebfc18/1?pq...y by Y Kurle - 2015 In this study, LNG vessel loading is simulated using dynamic process simulation software to obtain JBOG generation profile and to study JBOG recovery ...
