دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین شبکه نوآوری در تعاونی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تقابل شبکه های نوآوری در تعاونیهای تولید کشاورزی خرده پا: بینش منطقه Niayes سنگال
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural producer cooperatives: Insights from the Niayes Region of Senegal
سال انتشار : 2016
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله شبکه نوآوری در تعاونی اینجا کلیک نمایید.
مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Increasingly, farmers, policymakers, academics, and donors have been identifying agricultural cooperatives as essential institutional vehicles to facilitate information exchange, improve collaboration, innovation, and market access for smallholder farmers (Bernard & Spielman, 2009; Fischer & Qaim, 2012). As a result, cooperatives have been receiving increased financial and other support from development and government agencies to facilitate agricultural system innovation and poverty alleviation (Johnson & Shaw, 2014). On the African continent, cooperatives have been experiencing a revival on both theoretical and practical grounds; following decades of often inefficient and unsustainable practices by colonial and post-independence governments (see Deininger, 1995; Swinnen & Maertens, 2007). According to Develtere, Pollet, and Wanyama, 2008, approximately one in seven Africans now belong to a cooperative, with countries such as Senegal, Rwanda, and Egypt possessing membership rates of over ten percent. These ‘contemporary’ cooperatives have been reported to benefit smallholders economically by reducing transaction costs, increasing market access, and improving bargaining power (Bernard &Taffesse, 2012). For example, Markelova and Mwangi (2009) argued that by harnessing collective action, cooperatives could help smallholder farmers aggregate their surplus output, pool both tangible and intangible resources, generate economies of scale and scope in marketing, and strengthen their bargaining position to improve their place in the market (Blokland & Gouët, 2007; Collion & Rondot, 1998). Further, agricultural cooperatives can simplify marketing and values by directly bypassing intermediaries and lowering horizontal and vertical coordination costs (Shiferaw, Okello, & Reddy, 2009). However, despite the broad international support, academic research on cooperatives has revealed both failures (see Hill, Bernard, & Dewina, 2008) and successes (see Bernard, Taffesse, & Gabre-Madhin, 2008; Okello, Narrod, & Roy, 2011), raising questions concerning their ability to facilitate positive and sustainable innovation amongst their members. Agricultural system innovation involves bringing new ideas, practices, or processes into diverse smallholder farming systems (Klerkx et al., 2011; Spielman, Davis, Negash, & Ayele, 2011). Such systems “consist of a wide range of actors from the public, private, and civil sector to bring new products, new processes, and new forms of organization into economic use, together with the institutions and policies that affect the way different agents interact, share, access, and exchange and use knowledge” (World Bank, 2008). In this context, agricultural innovation is not only concerned with new technologies, but also with alternative ways of organizing: including nstitutions, markets, labour, gender relations, and the distribution of benefits (Leeuwis & Ban, 2004) in order to facilitate joint learning, create new institutional arrangements and practices (Klerkx, Hall, & Leeuwis, 2009; Sumberg, 2005; van Rijn, Bulte, & Adekunle, 2012). Although agricultural innovation studies at the regional and national levels are fairly numerous (for example: Borda-Rodriguez & Vicari, 2014; Saint Ville, Hickey, & Phillip, 2015), relatively few have addressed the smallholder innovation system atits most basic level − the producers. Examples in Sub-Saharan Africa include Spielman et al. (2011) who examined how social networks facilitate the transfer of knowledge between Ethiopian smallholders, and Raini, Zebitz and Hoffmann (2006) who used social network analysis as a tool to detect disparities in information flows among key agricultural actors in Kenya in the development of integrated pest management techniques for tomato cultivation, as well as others such as Hermans et al. (2013). With some exceptions (see Douthwaite, Carvajal, Alvarez, Claros, & Hernández, 2006), few of these studies have focused specifically on how innovation spreads withinformal institutional structures, suchas agricultural producer cooperatives. In this context, cooperatives have been identified as contributing to the innovation potential of smallholder farmers by: linking and bridging external actors (Clark, 2002; Gouet & Van Paassen, 2012), articulating technological needs and demands for skills (Kilelu, Klerkx, Leeuwis, & Hall, 2011), and creating and supporting new knowledge (Hall & Clark, 2010). Within this discourse, an important knowledge gap relates to the activities of individual actors within agricultural co-operatives (members) and their relative roles in facilitating innovation (Markard & Truffer, 2008). Further, while a number of studies have reported the positive impacts of cooperative membership using economic indicators, including farm income, farm profits, technological adoption, and market participation (see Fischer & Qaim, 2012; Francesconi & Heerinck, 2010; Shiferaw et al., 2009), few have focused on the social dimension of cooperatives, including the distribution of benefits, social networks, and power hierarchies (Develtere, 1994). In particular, social networks are known to be essential for smallholders to access agricultural information and innovations (van Rijn et al., 2012), to manage risk and vulnerability (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000), and build adaptive capacity to withstand external shocks (Brown & Westaway, 2011). Previous research focusing on the social dimension of agricultural co-operatives has generally identified that social networks are either: a) the product or outcome of functioning cooperatives (see Majee & Hoyt, 2011; Majee, 2007; Richards & Reed, 2015); or b) a contributing factor to the re-popularization of cooperatives (see Myers, 2004). However, recent research has focused more on the external organizational linkages of co-operatives in the context of innovation (Novkovic & Holm, 2012), poverty reduction (Simmons & Birchall, 2008), and economic cooperation (Muthuma, 2011; Valentinov, 2004), but significantly less on the internal social networks and relationships operating within and underpinning cooperatives. Recognizing the importance of this knowledge gap, we sought to explore how the internal social organizational structure of cooperatives caninfluence their ability to spreadagricultural innovation, focusing on two smallholder agricultural cooperatives operating in rural Senegal. In what follows we provide a brief historical description of the cooperative movement in Senegal. We then outline our research methods, followed by detailed results and a discussion of their significance for research, policy and practice.
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله شبکه نوآوری در تعاونی اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural producer ... https://www.researchgate.net/.../308547400_Contrasting_innovation_networks_in_small... Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural producer cooperatives: Insights from the Niayes Region of Senegal on ResearchGate, the ... Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural producer ... https://www.sparrho.com/.../contrasting-innovation-networks-in-smallholder-agricultu... Sep 22, 2016 - Despite growing support for agricultural cooperatives as mechanisms for rural development, relatively little is known about how innovation ... Research Team - Graeme Reed sustainability-research.mcgill.ca/people/Reed.html Agricultural cooperatives are fast becoming one of the most prominent contributors to ... Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural producer ... [PDF]Innovation in family farming in Europe and Central Asia - FAO www.fao.org/3/a-mo296e.pdf The State of Food and Agriculture: Innovation in family farming report (FAO, 2014a) .... In innovation systems, networks of different players are transient and emerge around .... However, a distinction can be drawn between production cooperatives .... agricultural sector, especially in products and services for smallholders and ... [PDF]Local farmers' organisations - Hal-SHS https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/cirad-00903206/document by N Fayssea - Cited by 15 - Related articles b Department of Animal Production, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary ... c National Agricultural College of Meknès, km 10, Haj Kaddour Road, BP S/40 ... cooperative improved their capacity to innovate in dairy farming, even ... Key words: Dairy farming – Discussion network – Farmers' organisation - Morocco. Recent Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management ... https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-co-operative...and.../recent-articles Feb 20, 2017 - Cooperative banks, the internet and market discipline ... Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural ... Impact of projects initiating group marketing of smallholder farmers—A case study of pig producer ... Agricultural cooperatives in netchains www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/pdf/10.3920/JCNS2016.x003 by C Iliopoulos - 2016 - Related articles Mar 31, 2016 - from the realization that agricultural cooperatives play a key role in the ... attempting to understand the role producer-owned firms ... the cattle breeding netchain in Germany and contrast it .... tackling challenges faced by smallholder farmers in Sub- ... innovation networks, for tackling challenges through. [PDF]Realizing the Potential of African Agriculture: Innovations and Market ... www.cggc.duke.edu/.../AgriculturalInnovations_and_MarketAccess_for%20_Smallho... by C Contributing - 2013 - Related articles May 2, 2013 - Innovations and Market Access for Smallholder Farmers. May 2013 .... African Smallholders and Innovations across Agricultural Value Chains . [PDF]Innovating to compete: Smallholder farmers' agency and ... - IIED pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16520IIED.pdf 3.1 Saving and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) to finance production and ... Regional Agriculture Trade Intelligence Network. RPO ..... and transparency are overarching, other innovative .... coffee that they sell, in contrast to the single payment.
