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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
تجزیه و تحلیل انتقادی اندازه گیری های آزمایشگاهی و نظارت بر سیستم شبکه لوله آب مقاوم در برابر خوردگی - مورد مطالعه
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Critical analysis of laboratory measurements and monitoring system of water-pipe network corrosion-case study
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Carbon steel is still one of the most common and popular construction material, despite the high development of materials. Carbon steel, the most widely used as engineering material, is counted for approximately 94% of the annual steel production in United States. Relatively limited corrosion resistance of carbon steel do not change the fact that it is used in large tonnages in marine applications, pipelines, mining, chemical processing, nuclear power and fossil fuel power plants, transportation, petroleum production and refining, construction and metal-processing equipment (Koch et al., 2005; Morgadoa and Sousa e Brito, 2015; Al-Saleh, 2015; Atkins et al., 2015). The economic cost due to corrosion can hardly be overestimated. As calculated by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, in the USA alone, the total cost involved in 2012 amount to above $1 trillion, no less than 6.2% of GDP (Hoog et al., 2014; Slepski et al., 2014). Corrosion of water distribution systems is a widespread issue that can cause unwanted changes in water quality and failures of the water distribution systems. These considerations suggest that a complete monitoring program and water treatments controlling and guaranteeing the water quality are necessary (Bigoni et al., 2014). Krakow is large city in Southern Poland. The beginning of the water-pipe network of Krakow is dated to 15 February 1901. With regard to over 100-year exploitation of water-pipe network, it is characterized by essential age differentiation. In the city pipelines from the first decades of the distribution system operating period still exists, of the age over 50 years. Krakow is divided into separate water-pipe zones of supplying fed from independent sources which are 4 top water intakes supplied from: the Raba River, the Rudawa River, the Dlubnia River and the Sanka River and one underground intake placed in Mistrzejowice. Presented case study comply with corrosion of three water distribution systems from sources named as Bielany, Rudawa and Dlubnia and its water average production is counted for 17.9; 37.7 and 28.5 m3 /d respectively (Zimoch, 2005). Total length of steel pipeline is equal to over 600 km. In recent years number of corrosion related problems with pipeline significantly increased and was source of some leakage, outages in water supply and discoloration events. The presence of large number of failures forces creation of corrosion rate monitoring system. Monitoring program can be realized by controlled laboratory studies or field survey or combination of both. Laboratory studies are mostly in the form of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization. Overall corrosion rates can be estimated by means of fitting, typically using the Butler–Volmer equation or its variants (Flitt and Schweinsberg, 2005; Mansfeld, 2005; McCafferty, 2005; Zhang et al., 2009). The complexity of predicting responses of corrosion processes and metal release to long- and short-term variations of drinking water properties and flow conditions, it is mostly critical to monitor these responses in real time (Ishii and Boyer, 2011; Sancy et al., 2010; Volk et al., 2000). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of water corrosivity of various rivers using a combination of controlled laboratory studies and a field survey.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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