دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین سندرم سازگار با تحریک لمسی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
شبیه ساز کاهش دهنده سندرم سازگار با استفاده از تحریک لمسی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Mitigating Simulator Adaptation Syndrome by means of tactile stimulation
سال انتشار : 2017
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Simulator Adaptation Syndrome (SAS) is a condition that occurs due to a mismatch between sensory inputs regarding position and what is expected in driving simulators. This syndrome can range from mild discomfort to severe dry mouth, drowsiness, disorientation, vertigo, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting (Ebenholtz, 1992; Cobb et al., 1999). The aetiology of SAS is not completely understood (see Mollenhauer, 2004; for an extensive review of SAS). As Cox et al. (2011) show, the causes of this syndrome can be assembled attending to individual factors (e.g., age), characteristics of the driving simulator (e.g., size of the display screen), and the individual’s interaction with the simulator (e.g., exposure time). To counterbalance this syndrome, some studies focus on mitigating SAS using drugs. The use of drugs (for a review, see Sherman, 2002) is not an efficient countermeasure to mitigate SAS due to side effects that may affect training efficiency (Murdin et al., 2011). First, studies with scopolamine may cause sedation, dry mouth, blurring of vision, and light-headedness (Crowley, 1987). Secondly, oral medication for SAS reduces gastric motility (Wood et al., 1987). Finally, it should be noted that medications do not reach their ef- ficacy until several hours after administration. Considering these problems, alternative techniques have emerged to mitigate SAS using different sources of stimulation, like galvanic cutaneous stimulation (GCS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) and, more recently, auditory stimulation (AS). GCS restores normal balance in the context of vestibular sensory deprivation, as in fixedsimulators. For example, Reed-Jones et al. (2008), and Galvez- García (2015) show that the application of GCS improves balance in subjects performing a simulator task. The improvement in balancing ability is correlated with the mitigation of SAS (Galvez- García (2015)). In addition, three studies show the positive impact of GCS on SAS (Chu et al., 2013; Galvez-García, 2015; G alvez- García et al., 2015). GVS is a similar technique to GCS. This involves providing vestibular motion stimuli to reduce SAS. It is shown that GVS improves the body’s balance (e.g., Inglis et al., 1995) and, more importantly, reduces SAS (Reed-Jones et al., 2007). AS (more concretely, white noise) has been recently shown to be an efficient technique to mitigate SAS. Galvez-García (2015) shows that white noise improves balance in subjects performing a simulator task. Moreover, the improvement in balancing ability correlates with the mitigation of SAS. This finding supports the idea that white noise improves body stability in patients with vestibular problems (Mangiore, 2012). More importantly there is evidence that supports that white noise functions as a countermeasure to decrease SAS (Galvez-García, 2015 ). The aforementioned techniques (GCS, GVS and white noise) have a positive impact on balance ability, decreasing SAS. Interestingly, this constitutes direct evidence in support of the postural instability theory (Riccio and Stoffregen, 1991), where it has been postulated that SAS is produced by an inability to learn how to maintain postural stability. Nevertheless, the mitigation of SAS could come from other sources, especially considering that the aetiology of this phenomenon is not entirely clear and could be due to several reasons. As the main aim of this research, we want to test an additional source of stimulation that does not affect balance ability as a possible countermeasure to decrease SAS: distraction from sickness. Thus, a source of stimulation that does not deteriorate driving performance will reduce participants’ awareness of SAS symptoms (i.e., stomach discomfort, eyestrain, etc.). This hypothesis is based in previous evidence. For example, Reed-Jones (2011) compares a condition of unilateral and congruent GVS (reflecting what the participants can feel during a curve in naturalistic situations) with the opposite situation (unilateral stimulation that provided the opposite vestibular experience). He shows a similar pattern of results in both conditions, concluding that electrical stimulation can distract from the sickness and cause a decrease in SAS. In addition, this attentional disengagement hypothesis can explain, for example, why different types of stimulation, like acupuncture, decrease SAS (e.g., Wesley and Tengler, 2005). Nevertheless, it is important to remark that this explanation based on distraction would be additive to the aforementioned literature supporting the idea of motion induced by a different form of stimulation (e.g., GCS and AS) as the cause of SAS mitigation. Thus, the attentional disengagement hypothesis can coexist with evidence regarding the increase of postural control to mitigate SAS. We want to remark that testing the attentional disengagement hypothesis is crucial in order to provide evidence of SAS as a multifactorial syndrome, which can be dealt with via several different countermeasures. In order to test the attentional disengagement hypothesis, we study how tactile stimulation (TS) in- fluences SAS, as TS is not shown as bothersome in previous studies on tactile attention (e.g., Galvez-García et al., 2012a; G alvez-García et al., 2012b). This is crucial in order to avoid a decline in any driving variable, which could be controversial in terms of future recommendations of the technique. We aim to deliver TS on the quadriceps to avoid stimulating the muscles of the trunk or neck, which may fortuitously provide data to the central nervous system on the position of the trunk and head in space. The TS must only affect attentional processes in order to test the attentional hypothesis. In any case, we aim to measure how TS affects body balance to rule out this issue as an explanatory factor of the pattern of results. For this purpose, we measure head postural stability (head sway) as a measure of balance in line with previous research (Easton et al., 1998; G alvez-García, 2015; Reed-Jones, 2011). Finally, it should be noted that TS is an inexpensive and simple technique to mitigate SAS (i.e., the application of TS only requires a tactile device synchronised with the simulator to provide a tactile signal during curves), which is fundamental for the recommendation of this technique for future interventions to reduce SAS.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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