دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین سفر کارآفرینی به عنوان سیستم سلسله مراتبی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
سفر کارآفرینی به عنوان یک سیستم سلسله مراتبی ناشی از فرآیند آرتیفکت-ایجاد
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of artifact-creating processes
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Entrepreneurial ‘process’ perspectives (Mohr, 1982; Steyaert, 2007; Van de Ven and Engleman, 2004) have contributed to our understanding of the emergence (Aldrich and Kenworthy, 1999; Gartner et al., 1992; Lichtenstein, 2009; McKelvey, 2004), transformation (Dew et al., 2010; Sarasvathy, 2008) and creation (Alvarez and Barney, 2007; Chiles et al., 2010; Dimov, 2007; Lachmann, 1977; Sarason et al., 2006; Shackle, 1979) of entrepreneurial processes under conditions of genuine uncertainty. Methodologically, a process explanation is usually developed by first eliciting ‘sequences of events’ from narrative accounts (Van de Ven and Engleman, 2004) and then operationalizing explanatory ‘mechanisms’, such as effectual logic and bricolage (Venkataraman et al., 2012), in order to explain the contingent pathway of an entrepreneurial journey (Garud and Karnøe, 2003; Lichtenstein et al., 2006; Sarasvathy, 2008). Less attention, however, has been given to the entrepreneurial journey itself as a unit of analysis for the explanation of entrepreneurial events (McMullen and Dimov, 2013). From a process perspective, the events of an entrepreneurial journey are an “indelible part of the explanation of [an] outcome” (McMullen and Dimov, 2013: 1487) and “properly understood, not as an inevitable occurrence from some premises that are to be identified, but as an unfolding story that needs to be told in its entirety” (Dimov, 2011: 66). In the process literature, however, the entrepreneurial journey is only loosely conceptualized as a contingent process in which abstract ideas and intangible resources are converted into codified plans and concrete firm processes, commodities and markets (Dimov, 2007; Lichtenstein et al., 2006; Sarasvathy, 2008; Venkataraman et al., 2012). An analytical framework that establishes the elements and boundaries of the entrepreneurial journey as a ‘holistic’ unit of analysis, or ‘unit of explanation’, has not as yet been developed by process theorists (McMullen and Dimov, 2013). This research gap is important if entrepreneurship inquiry is to succeed in embracing the multi-contextual and multi-level depth and richness of entrepreneurial phenomena (Low and MacMillan, 1988; Zahra, 2007; Zahra and Wright, 2011). In this article, we, therefore, ask the question, how is an entrepreneurial event explained as a part of a whole — the entrepreneurial journey? We address this question by taking a systemic view of the entrepreneurial journey (McMullen and Dimov, 2013: 1507). Specifi- cally, we adopt a complexity science perspective (Fuller et al., 2008; Lichtenstein, 2011; McKelvey, 2004; Sarasvathy, 2003; Venkataraman et al., 2012) and conceptualize the entrepreneurial journey as an emergent, hierarchical and self-organized system (McKelvey, 2004; Simon, 1996). Complexity science encompasses a range of methodologies and frameworks focusing on aspects of emergence (see Lichtenstein, 2011: 475–8), including cybernetics (Weiner, 1948/1961), synergetics (Haken, 1977), system dynamics (Forrester, 1961), hierarchical complexity (Simon, 1962), chaos theory (May, 1976), dissipative structures theory (Prigogine and Stengers, 1984), complex adaptive systems (Holland, 1975) and co-evolutionary theory (McKelvey, 1999). Emergence is understood here to refer to the “coming into being of a qualitatively new (level of) order that is unexpected or novel” (Lichtenstein, 2011: 475). In complexity science, new order creation “arises from the interactions of the local parts [of a system, which] cannot be traced back to the individual parts” (De Wolf and Holvoet, 2005: 2). The interactions of an emergent system create hierarchically organized emergent 604 P.D. Selden, D.E. Fletcher / Journal of Business Venturing 30 (2015) 603–615 outcomes, which include ‘coherent’ properties, behaviors, artifacts, patterns and structures. These emergent outcomes “maintain some sense of identity over time (i.e. a persistent pattern)” (De Wolf and Holvoet, 2005: 4) and function as 'enabling constraints' (Juarrero, 2000) on subsequent intra-level and inter-level interactions within the emergent system. Complexity entrepreneurship researchers have tended to focus on multi-level mechanisms that drive the entrepreneurial journey as a process of emergence, such as ‘adaptive tension’ (McKelvey, 2004), ‘opportunity tension’ (Lichtenstein, 2009) and ‘dynamic creation’ (Chiles et al., 2010). There has also been a recognition of the hierarchical structure of the entrepreneurial system (Fuller et al., 2008; Sarasvathy, 2003) and stages in transition phases associated with new patterns of emergence (Lichtenstein, 2000). Of particular interest for our present purposes is Lichtenstein and Kurjanowicz's (2010) conceptualization of the entrepreneurial journey in terms of ‘phases of organizing’ and ‘degrees of emergence’ associated with increasingly tangible emergent outcomes. As yet, however, there has been no complexity-based conceptualization of the entrepreneurial journey as a unit of analysis for the explanation of entrepreneurial events. In this article, we address this research gap from the complexity perspective that entrepreneurship is a ‘science of the artificial’ (Simon, 1996). Building on Sarasvathy's (2003, 2008) and Venkataraman et al.'s (2012) assessment of Herbert Simon's work on complex systems (1962, 1973/1977 and 1996), we argue that the entrepreneurial journey is an emergent hierarchical system of artifact-creating processes. An artifact is an emergent outcome at the boundary interface of an inner and outer environment that is contingently and functionally designed for how things ‘might be’, rather than ‘how things are’ (Simon, 1981: ix). In other words, an artifact embodies ‘teleology’ within a process of emergence (Venkataraman et al., 2012). From an ‘artifactual science’ perspective (Sarasvathy, 2008), an entrepreneurial journey, therefore, emerges according to the principle that abstract artifacts created at lower levels are designed as contextual to the emergence of more tangible artifacts at higher levels (Cf. Lichtenstein and Kurjanowicz's, 2010, notion of ‘degrees of emergence’). Emergent artifacts then function as ‘enabling constraints’ (Juarrero, 2000) on the entrepreneurial journey in terms of extending system capabilities and constraining activity at lower levels. The entrepreneurial journey is, therefore, a key unit of analysis in terms of the contextual significance of prior artifact emergence for entrepreneurial events. In the first part of the article, we specify the elements and boundaries of the entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of artifact-creating processes. To do this, we draw on Herbert Simon's (1962, 1973/1977, 1996) notions of ‘hierarchical complexity’ and ‘sciences of the artificial’. We specify the subsystems and components at each level of the emergent hierarchy and the functional relationships between each level in terms of the creation of entrepreneurial artifacts. Although, we focus on business entrepreneurship, this does not preclude possible relevance for social forms of entrepreneurship. In the second part of the article, we use the empirical case of The Republic of Tea (Ziegler et al., 1992) to illustrate how the emergent hierarchy can be operationalized to explain the critical events of a phase transition into a new pattern of artifact emergence. Finally, we discuss research implications of the emergent hierarchy in relation to the following issues in process theory development: (1) identifying units of analysis for the explanation of entrepreneurial events; (2) incorporating multiple contexts and multiple levels of analysis in the explanation of entrepreneurial events; (3) identifying critical empirical events in the entrepreneurial journey; and (4) evaluating the relative significance of diverse explanatory frameworks in the process literature.
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کلمات کلیدی:
Emergence and Emergents in Entrepreneurship: Complexity Science ... www.academia.edu/.../Emergence_and_Emergents_in_Entrepreneurship_Complexity... In addition, complexity science brings insight into the underlying system dynamics that ..... The entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of ... Research Handbook on Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Reopening the Debate https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1783475447 Catherine Léger-Jarniou, Silke Tegtmeier - 2017 - Entrepreneurship Müller, Sabine (2013), Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: On the ... (2015), 'The entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of ... Models of Start-up Thinking and Action: Theoretical, Empirical, and ... https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1786354853 2016 - Business & Economics A realist perspective of entrepreneurship: Opportunities as propensities. ... The entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of artifact-creating ... The entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of ... https://www.deepdyve.com/.../the-entrepreneurial-journey-as-an-emergent-hierarchical-s... Oct 16, 2016 - Read "The entrepreneurial journey as an emergent hierarchical system of artifact-creating processes" on DeepDyve - Instant access to the ... [DOC]The Entrepreneurs Growth Journey - the THREE LITTLE PIGS CO. threelittlepigsco.com/data/documents/The-Entrepreneurs-Growth-Journey.doc Successful entrepreneurs and business owners steer their business ventures through four key growth stages – the start-up , then emerging stage; the rapid .... a hierarchical structure and a separate communications structure/process from the ...
