دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین سازگاری محلی در گونه درخت پایه از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
سازگاری ضعیف محلی در یک گونه درخت پایه: پیامدهایی برای ترمیم
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species: Implications for restoration
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Human activities have been attributed to the degradation of billions of hectares of land (Gibbs and Salmon, 2015; Nkonya et al., 2016). Ecological restoration is recognized as the principal strategy to actively reverse this degradation (Aronson and Alexander, 2013), and revegetation through active planting is one of the most common restoration tools employed to achieve this goal. A number of restoration commitments of unprecedented scale have recently been made to address land degradation (Broadhurst et al., 2016). For example, the Bonn Challenge commits to restore 150 million ha by 2020 and the 2014 New York Declaration on Forests restoration goal extends this to 350 million ha by 2030. However, it remains unclear whether projects implementing such ambitious targets will succeed in their objectives unless existing levels of uncertainty in current practice are addressed (Suding et al., 2015). Seed is the fundamental component of restoration plantings, and choosing the origin of the seed is an early commitment in the restoration process that has important consequences (Hufford and Mazer, 2003; McKay et al., 2005; Broadhurst et al., 2008). Historically, the preferential use of local seed – local provenancing – has been encouraged to optimise restoration outcomes (Hufford and Mazer, 2003; McKay et al., 2005). A local provenancing strategy is assumed to maximise success by preserving local adaptation, but what constitutes a ‘local provenance’ is not easily defined, so provenancing often defaults to arbitrary spatial boundaries (McKay et al., 2005; Jones, 2013). In addition, assuming a local advantage does not acknowledge the impact of important drivers of ecosystem change on local adaptation (e.g. climate change, habitat fragmentation), which may ultimately limit future restoration success (Godefroid et al., 2011; Breed et al., 2013). Local adaptation is common in plants, but not ubiquitous (Leimu and Fischer, 2008; Hereford, 2009). It has been shown to be driven by both biotic (e.g. herbivory and pathogen resistance Crémieux et al., 2008) and abiotic factors (e.g.climate Turesson, 1922; Clausen et al., 1941; Hereford, 2009). However, Leimu and Fischer (2008) reported in their meta-analysis that the magnitude of local adaptation is independent of geographical transfer distance (i.e. the transfer of seed between 0.003 km and 3500 km had no effect on the strength of adaptation). Furthermore, climate change and habitat fragmentation can both reducethe likelihood and strength of local adaptation. Fragmentation tends to increase inbreeding and reduce adaptive capacity, and climate change is shifting adaptive landscapes (i.e. the relationship between a given site and the optimal phenotype at that site) (Jump and Peñuelas, 2005; Lowe et al., 2005; Breed et al., 2015). As such, it has been argued that strictly adhering to local provenancing could limit the evolutionary potential of restoration plantings (Sgrò et al., 2011; Breed et al., 2013; Havens et al., 2015). The effects of intentionally mixing local and non-local provenances on plant fitness was recognized by Darwin (1876), and has been exploited in plant breeding for centuries (Schnable and Springer, 2013). Mixing genotypes also comes with risks as it can lead to the introduction of maladapted individuals and outbreeding depression (Lesica and Allendorf, 1999), where interpopulation crosses experience a decline in progeny fitness (Hufford and Mazer, 2003; Vander Mijnsbrugge et al., 2010). These concerns have merit, chiefly when provenances with different ploidy levels are used (Weeks et al., 2011), where transfer is being considered over very long distances, or dramatic environmental gradients exist (Byrne et al., 2011; Breed et al., 2013). However, the concern of outbreeding depression has generally been overemphasised in the conservation genetics literature since the likelihood of outbreeding depression is low for crosses of non-threatened, predominantly outcrossing species that are used in restoration (Frankham et al., 2011). Traditional and novel seed collection recommendations were reviewed in Breed et al. (2013), who argued for provenancing approaches that mitigated the impacts of climate change and habitat fragmentation on provenance fitness. Two themes came out of this review. First, it was suggested that local provenances should be supplemented with provenances from further afield to augment adaptive potential of plantings (e.g. composite and admixture provenancing). Secondly, it was suggested that particular provenances should be selected to match future environmental conditions based on climate modelling (e.g. predictive provenancing). Further strategies have suggested to explicitly incorporate climate resilience, as in Prober et al. (2015), who encouraged a directional selection to seed collection in line with climate predictions (i.e. climate adjusted predictive provenancing), and regionally developed cultivars selected for specific traits have also been recommended (e.g. vigour, drought tolerance and disease resistance Baer et al., 2014). With mounting evidence from translocation studies showing that some populations lack distinct local adaptation (Hancock et al., 2012; Breed et al., 2016a; Lu et al., 2016), and the numerous quantitative reviews also questioning the ubiquity of local adaptation (Leimu and Fischer, 2008; Hereford, 2009), provenance studies of core restoration species are needed to help guide the selection of appropriate provenancing strategies (Breed et al., 2013; Prober et al., 2016). In this study we investigated how provenance influenced first season survival, growth, herbivory and pathogen resistance for a foundation tree species commonly used in restoration of southern Australian habitat, Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp leucoxylon (hereafter E. leucoxylon). We used three provenances orientated along an east–west aridity gradient in the southern Mt. Lofty Ranges in South Australia. The local provenance was western and most mesic, and the distant provenance was eastern and most xeric (Fig. 1). The three provenances were grown in a common garden experiment to explore the following questions: (1) what effect does E. leucoxylon provenance have on survival, growth, herbivory or pathogen resistance? If variation is observed, (2) is this variation in line with local adaptation? From the evidence we present, we derive regional management recommendations for optimising seed sourcing strategies for E. leucoxylon. The findings of this study has implications for other species in the region and for conservation and restoration more generally
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کلمات کلیدی:
Sparrho | Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species: Implicati https://www.sparrho.com/item/...maladaptation-in-a-foundation-tree-species.../9d4a7d... Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species: Implications for restoration. Imported: 18 Oct '16 | Published: 10 Oct '16. Nicholas J.C. Gellie, Martin F. Breed; ... Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species - PubAg-Article - USDA https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/5495253 by NJC Gellie - 2016 - Cited by 2 - Related articles Abstract. Replanting native vegetation is a broadly accepted method for restoring degraded landscapes. Traditionally, seed used for restoration has been locally ... Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species ... - J-Global jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/public/201602253066147002 Article“Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species: Implications for restoration” Detailed information of the J-GLOBAL is a service based on the concept of ... The maladapted future is here – it's just not evenly distributed ... https://biodiversityrevolution.wordpress.com/.../the-maladapted-future-is-here-its-just-... Nov 23, 2016 - Where maladaptation is the poor growth or survival of some plants ... the recent paper 'Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species: ... Effects of foundation species genotypic diversity on subordinate ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19447.x/abstract by DJ Gibson - 2012 - Cited by 30 - Related articles Oct 24, 2011 - However, the effects of genotypic diversity of foundation species on these ... not been thoroughly assessed in the context of assembling plant communities. ... Under these conditions, some genotypes are maladapted to the ... Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species ... - DataCite Search https://search.datacite.org/works/10.4227/05/57ECB10786A57 Local maladaptation in a foundation tree species: implications for restoration. Part 2; growth. N. J. C. Gellie, M. F. Breed, N. Thurgate, S. A. Kennedy & A. J. Lowe.
