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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
دستاوردهای بالقوه از تخصص و تنوع بیشتر به سازماندهی مجدد فعالیت ها
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Potential gains from specialization and diversification further to the reorganization of activities
سال انتشار : 2016
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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
3. Data and empirical results
In France, since the early 1950s, the number of farms has been reduced by a factor of 5, going from 2 million to 490,000 in 2010. The rate of decrease is still significant, decreasing 26% in the past decade.9 Furthermore, for over fifty years and since the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy, agriculture has gradually evolved towards specialization instead of a larger production mix. In most French agricultural regions characterized by the trio of activities “crop, mixed, livestock” and despite slowing, the change has comprised a decrease in mixed activity primarily in favor of crops specialization, and, to a lesser extent in favor of livestock specialization. Between 2000 and 2003, mixed farms declined by 14% while farms specialized in crops and livestock decreased by only 5% and 6.4%,10 respectively. Thus, the share ofspecialized farms and the total agricultural area managed by them have increased. 3.1. Data A database of 608 farms observed in 2003 was provided by a center in accounting and management –the Centre d’Économie Rurale de La Meuse– and funded by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research. The farms are located in the northeast of France, more precisely in the “Département de la Meuse”. The latter was selected as the area of study for its agricultural production and distinctive type of farms. In accordance with this area, retained outputs are the crops (e.g., wheat, barley and rape), livestock products (dairy and beef), and miscellaneous productions (e.g., other agricultural products, annex and residual products). They are expressed in terms of the revenue they generate. On the input side, four inputs correctly represent the agriculture in this zone: (i) intermediate consumption including operational expenses for crops production (e.g., seeds, fertilizers and pesticides), for livestock production (e.g., feed and veterinary costs) and other costs (water, gas and electricity, etc.); (ii) cost of surface area computed by applying rental prices to both leased and owned land; (iii) taxes, wages paid to employees and costs of family and operator labor; and (iv) cost of capital, including mechanization and building costs. In the literature concerning crop and livestock farms, these inputs are those chosen commonly by researchers. For this empirical illustration, the input data are subsequently aggregated into one overall input – the total cost of production. As mentioned in footnote 6, by considering directly the costs instead of input quantities multiplied by their prices, it is necessary that all DMUs face exactly the same input prices to avoid that merger and division gains reflect price differences rather than local characteristics of the technology. As shown by Färe, Grosskopf and Lee [19] when identical prices are assumed, employing costs or input quantities multiplied by their prices do not modify the constraints and the optimal solution. In our sample, this assumption seems quite plausible because (i) all farms operate in the same area and (ii) generally they purchase from the same local suppliers of inputs having prices fairly similar. In addition, although they may differ in size, the French farms do not have a significantly different market power. Indeed, the underlying market structure is atomistic and prices can be considered exogenous. Descriptive statistics for the variables employed in the analysis are given in Table 2. The mean, the minimum and the maximum values for our output variables reflect the presence of both perfectly diversified farms and quasi fully specialized farms. In addition, the data are highly variable, as indicated by the large standard deviations compared to the means and the large range values of the variables.
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PDF]Potential gains from specialization and diversification further to the ... daneshyari.com/article/preview/1032385.pdf Oct 23, 2015 - Potential gains from specialization and diversification further to the reorganization of activities. $. Stйphane Blancard a,n, Jean-Philippe ... [PDF]Potential gains from specialization and diversification further to ... - Sfer www.sfer.asso.fr/content/download/4809/40080/version/.../jrss2013_b5_blancard.pdf by S Blancard - Related articles diversification in farms further to a reorganization of activities (division and merger) ... We further decompose the potential gains obtained from the two types of. Adnoc to streamline operations across all activities, Sultan Al Jaber ... m.thenational.ae/.../adnoc-to-streamline-operations-across-all-activities-sultan-al-jaber... Jun 12, 2016 - ... Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, has revealed further details of his ... to the UAE's economic diversification strategy and performs on a par ... Profiting the Crown: Canada's Polymer Corporation, 1942-1990 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0773572384 Matthew J. Bellamy - 2005 - Business & Economics become accustomed to periodic structural reorganization. ... each line of business had direct control over its research and development activities and ... Polymer was still having trouble generating the funds necessary for further diversification. [PDF]MEASURING POTENTIAL GAINS FROM ... - CiteSeerX citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.503.3228&rep=rep1... by S Blancard - Cited by 11 - Related articles of activity among smaller and more specialized units. Indeed the ... diversification as the only possible reorganization of activities. Among others ..... Hirschman indices up to 40%; further gains beyond this level of specialization are slight. This.
