دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین ساختار استخدامی پیشرفت فنی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آیا ساختار استخدامی پیشرفت فنی پیشرفته محیطی را ارتقا می دهد؟
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Can employment structure promote environment-biased technical progress?
سال انتشار : 2016
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله ساختار استخدامی پیشرفت فنی اینجا کلیک نمایید.
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
2. Literature review
The concept of biased technical progress was first put forward by Hicks (1932), who considered that changes in the relative prices of factors would force entrepreneurs to innovate technologies and use low-cost factors. If the technical progress is beneficial in that it can increase the marginal output of capital, then such progress is referred to as capital-biased technical progress. If it increases the marginal output of labor, then it is defined as labor-biased technical progress. Acemoglu (2003, 2007) further extended the concept of biased technical progress. Technical progress may occur in either direction between any two input factors. Given the increasing attention being paid to environmental issues in recent research on economic theories, the environmental factor, which reflects the quality of life, has been included by most researchers in the production function. However, environment-biased technical progress differs from production-biased technical progress in that the latter requires outputs to increase, while the former requires energy consumption and undesirable outputs to decrease along with technical progress (Wang and Song, 2014). Hence, environment-biased technical progress includes technical progress related to both energy saving and emissions reduction. In this context, Acemoglu et al. (2012b, 2014) took the lead in theoretically defining and analyzing the components of environment-biased technical progress. Many researchers have focused on biased technical progress ever since Acemoglu (2003) proposed the concept. However, empirically, there is still no accepted method to measure the same. Most of the literature only adopts a substitution of indicators to express biased technical progress (Harrison, 2002; Welsch and Ochsen, 2005; Arnberg and Bjorner, 2007; Ma et al., 2008, 2009). Although some studies estimated the index of the direction of technical progress through the normalized supply-side system approach (Klump et al., 2007) or the generalized non-linear least square method (Leon-Ledesma et al., 2010), fitting precision was still low. A non-parametric method, however, offers advantages while estimating biased technical progress. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has become the method of choice in this regard (Bogetoft and Wang, 2005); because there is no need to preset the production function, hidden or ignored relationships in the environment system can be revealed (Liu et al., 2010), and it is easy to compare efficiency across firms and even analyze ineffective decision-making units (Lv et al., 2013). Manne and Richels (2004) introduced the biased technical progress theory into climatic change models and noted the reduction of various technical costs alongside the increase in experience. They observed the effects of biased technical progress on cost and time in the context of CO2 emission reductions. Popp (2004) introduced biased technical progress in the energy sector into the DICE model of climatic change evaluation and effectively calculated the welfare cost of the optimum carbon tax. In 2012, Acemoglu et al. (2012a) used the biased technical progress in growth models with environmental restrictions and limited resource conditions and analyzed the costs and profits of different environmental policies based on clean technology and pollutive technology. In the same year, Acemoglu et al. (2012b) established an endogenous model from the viewpoint of input, assuming that clean technology and pollutive technology, that is, productive technology, compete with each other. Additional inputs on clean technology would reduce inputs on pollutive technology; the ‘extrusion’ effect would be observable in scientists' research activities. Greaker and Heggedal (2012) considered that clean technologies are effective in the long run, thus amending Acemoglu et al.’s (2012b) conclusion that research and development pertaining to clean technology was over-subsidized.
برای دانلود رایگان مقاله ساختار استخدامی پیشرفت فنی اینجا کلیک نمایید.
کلمات کلیدی:
[PDF]Directed Technical Change - MIT Economics https://economics.mit.edu/files/4126 promotes the discovery and use of these resources. ... What is the effect of biased technical change on the income gap between rich ... technological progress labour augmenting rather than capital augmenting? .... the short run, because higher ability and skilled workers may be better at adapting to a changing environment. Promoting pro-environmental action in climate change deniers - Nature www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v2/n8/full/nclimate1532.html Promoting pro-environmental action in climate change deniers ... and caring, and where there is greater economic/technological development. ... discrepant evidence is more likely to be avoided, dismissed as biased or judged against an ... strong societal development (for example, scientific progress and economic growth) ... Searches related to promote environment-biased technical progress impact of technology on the environment essay impact of technology on environment ppt technological environment and its impact on business technological environment ppt impact of technology on environment introduction how has technology impacted the environment relationship between technology and environment pdf environment vs technology presentation
