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عنوان فارسی مقاله:
آیا تاکستان زیستگاه های مهم برای پرندگان در مقیاس محلی و یا افقی می باشد؟
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Are vineyards important habitats for birds at local or landscape scales?
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Declines in European farmland biodiversity observed over the past three or four decades are clearly attributable to the combined effects of homogenisation of rural landscapes and widespread intensification of farming practises (Chamberlain, Fuller, Bunce, Duckworth, & Shrubb, 2000). In France, as elsewhere in Europe, farmland bird monitoring indicates that even the populations of common bird species associated with farmland habitats have steeply declined (Siriwardena et al., 1998; Donald, Green, & Heath, 2001b; Voˇrisek ˇ et al., 2010). Twenty species that form the French farmland bird index declined by 25% between 1989 and 2009 (Jiguet, 2010). A growing body of evidence suggests that in general, farmland biodiversity will benefit from increasing heterogeneity in farmland landscapes (Benton, Vickery, & Wilson, 2003), particularly through themaintenance, creation and management of semi-natural habitats surrounding land used for agricultural production (Fuller, Hinsley, & Swetnam, 2004; Haslem & Bennett, 2008). In the case of birds, careful management of such habitats can help to alleviate the key problems of limited food resources and breeding sites for farmland bird populations (Wilson, Evans, & Grice, 2009). Most of this work on the relationships between wildlife conservation and farming has focused on the flora and fauna of annual crops, grassland and their associated semi-natural habitats while certain forms of agriculture and in particular viticulture have received less attention. In parts of southern Europe viticulture is a dominant form of agriculture and in France 3.7% of agricultural land (about 800,000 ha) is used for wine-growing (OIV, 2012). This type of production presents a particular set of opportunities and challenges for the preservation of biodiversity. Vineyards tend to be intensively managed; it has been shown that 20% of all pesticides used in France are consumed by viticulture alone, 80% of which are fungicides, which in turn represent 30% of fungicides used at national level (Aubertot et al., 2005). Studies of vineyard biodiversity have often focused on potentially beneficial organisms in the context of conservation biological control (Begum, Gurr, Wratten, Hedberg, & Nicol, 2006; Thomson & Hoffmann, 2009, 2013) but studies on the specific role of viticulture in the maintenance offarmland biodiversity are relatively rare (Bruggisser, Schmidt-Entling, & Bacher, 2010; Tanadini, Schmidt, Meier, Pellet, & Perrin, 2012). Studies of birds in vineyards tend to focus on bird damage to grapes (Somers & Morris, 2002; Kross, Tylianakis, & Nelson, 2012), or on the possible role of birds themselves as agents of insect biological control (Jedlicka, Greenberg, & Letourneau, 2011). Therefore, we know little about the contribution vineyards make to maintaining biodiversity in general, although they have some potential advantages to offer. They provide woody cover all year round and sometimes green cover in between the rows of grapevines and, like other types of farmland, they contain a range of associated semi-natural habitats outside of the areas strictly used for production, such as grassy turning bays, scrub, woodland patches and isolated trees. Only a few authors have pointed out the use of vineyards as corridors by woodland bird species (Brotons & Herrando, 2001) or have demonstrated the positive effects of green cover for certain species (Sierro & Arlettaz, 2003; Arlettaz et al., 2012). Wine-growers are increasingly interested in the question of biodiversity management on their farms and collective action is being taken to reintroduce biodiversity orto promote “green” vineyards (Gillespie & Wratten, 2012; Van Helden, Guenser, & Fulchin, 2012). A major reason is that biological diversity may help reduce pesticide use through natural regulation of grapevine pests, while also enhancing a range of other ecosystem services such as weed suppression, plant and insect conservation and ecotourism (Fiedler, Landis, & Wratten, 2008). In response to urbanisation in winegrowing areas or market globalisation, an increasing number of wine producers aim to sell their produce on site or locally (Jarrige, 2004; Brugarolas, Martinez-Carrasco, Bernabeu, & Martinez-Poveda, 2010). After large-scale loss of hedgerows in Europe over the past few decades (Petit, Stuart, Gillespie, & Barr, 2003; Pointereau, 2001), and because hedgerows can perform multiple agro-ecological functions (Baudry, Bunce, & Burel, 2000), incentives for farmers to adopt environmentally or wildlife friendly farming now often focus on hedge-planting. Such schemes are often applied in a standardised manner over wide areas and local planters may be unaware of the potential consequences of planting (Busck, 2003).If viticulturists are to respond to the demand for a more environmentally conscious approach to wine-growing, better knowledge of the relationships between vineyard management and wildlife is needed. Within this context, and basing our research on birds, often used as indicators of farmland biodiversity, and well-studied in other agricultural systems, our aims were to) compare the diversity of bird communities in different landscape contexts that include vineyards (b) assess the particular influence of vineyards on the richness and abundance of bird communities (c) undertake a fine-scale analysis of habitat selection by those bird species able to use vineyards and their associated semi-natural habitats. Throughout this study we paid particular attention to bird species that are typical of open farmland habitats and which are therefore particularly likely to be experiencing declines at national and European levels.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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