دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین زندگی آزمایشگاه الکتروموبیلیتی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
یادگیری زندگی آزمایشگاه الکتروموبیلیتی: تجارب از برنامه استونیایی ELMO
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Learning from an electromobility living lab: Experiences from the Estonian ELMO programme
سال انتشار : 2016
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
Road transport generates about one-fifth of the EU’s CO2 emissions, with passenger cars responsible for around 12%.1 This makes it the second most important source of greenhouse gases. Although there have been significant improvements over recent years in vehicle technology, these have not been enough to neutralise the effect of increases in road traffic intensity. Electric cars, as an alternative to traditional internal combustion engine cars, have been discussed and promoted in several countries. See, for example, Liu and Kokko (2013) about China, Propfe et al. (2013) for Germany, Feng and Figliozzi (2013) about USA, etc. It is expected that wider diffusion of electric cars would bring along environmental improvements in the transport sector, as well as provide a solution to alleviate oil demand and in the case of several countries, decrease dependence on imported energy (European Commission, 2011). In the scenario analysis by Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, it has been suggested that taking into consideration the market trends in the automotive industry, in the most positive case, electric vehicles will account for around 10% of new vehicle sales by 2025 (Kalmbach et al., 2011). When it comes to absolute numbers then naturally larger countries also form the top of the electric car sales rankings (International Energy Agency, 2013). However, smaller countries like Estonia, Norway and the Netherlands are placed on top by the penetration ratio of electric cars among the total registered passenger car fleet. The aim of the paper is to provide insights into the unique experiment of introducing electric cars by the Estonian government. In March 2011 the Estonian government approved the selling of 10 million unused emission allowance units (Assigned Amount Units—AAUs)2 to the Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi Corporation. With support of this transaction, during 2012–2013 the Estonian nationwide electric vehicles’ charging network was built, the electric vehicle purchase grant scheme for private buyers was launched in order to foster the introduction of electric cars, and a demonstration fleet of 507 Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric cars was distributed for free to social workers around Estonia. As a result, during a few months the electric cars were spread across the whole country
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کلمات کلیدی:
Learning from an electromobility living lab ... - Science Direct www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X15300183 by L Joller - 2016 - Related articles The article provides insights into the setting up of the Estonian electromobility pilot programme (ELMO) and evaluates its first outcomes. The uniqueness of the. Learning from an electromobility living lab ... - ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/.../285357876_Learning_from_an_electromobility_living_... Official Full-Text Publication: Learning from an electromobility living lab: Experiences from the Estonian ELMO programme on ResearchGate, the professional ... [PDF]Fig. 1 iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/E2847.pdf Learning from an electromobility living lab: Experiences from the. Estonian ELMO programme. Liina Joller*, Urmas Varblane. Faculty of Economics and ... Learning from an electromobility living lab: Experiences from the ... https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1412169 by L Joller - 2016 - Related articles Jun 20, 2016 - The article provides insights into the setting up of the Estonian electromobility pilot programme (ELMO) and evaluates its first outcomes. Learning from an electromobility living lab- Experiences from the ... www.oloomsara.com/.../24911-Learning-from-an-electromobility-l... Translate this page Learning from an electromobility living lab- Experiences from the Estonian ELMO ... into the setting up of the Estonian electromobility pilot programme (ELMO) Learning from an electromobility living lab: Experiences ... - INFONA https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f34c7667.../contributors Learning from an electromobility living lab: Experiences from the Estonian ELMO programme. Liina Joller, Urmas Varblane · Details · Contributors · Fields of ...
