دانلود رایگان مقاله لاتین زمینه زندگی کاری به عنوان بهداشت شغلی از سایت الزویر
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
زمینه های زندگی کاری به عنوان پیش بینی بهداشت شغلی - یک مطالعه اعتبار سنجی در دو نمونه آلمان
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
Areas of worklife as predictors of occupational health – A validation study in two German samples
سال انتشار : 2015
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مقدمه انگلیسی مقاله:
1. Introduction
It is debatable whether there are still “good” workplaces, or if the new challenges that arise from globalization make healthy work impossible (Beck, 2012). The highly competitive market requires cost optimization; scarce resources lead to cost cuts in particular in health care and social departments. Fewer employees have to cope with more tasks in less time (Burke & Cooper, 2008). Even though features of psychological strain (work factors such as work task, work organization and social system) have become especiallymportant in work design, they have rarely been included in work organizational processes. Consequences of this omission become visible not only in direct costs (e.g., absence, retirement) but especially in indirect costs for the workers such as lower quality of life (Wittchen et al., 2012). 1.1. The role of resources and stressors for occupational health Theories of occupational stress not only address the impact of stressors due to psychosocial load, they also consider the adequacy of resources to deal successfully with the work environment (Perrewe & Ganster, 2010). In this line, the activation of employees’ resources is a central building block in the development of organizations. Some definitions describe resources as an independent entity. For instance Bakker and colleagues state that “Job resources refer to those physical, psychological, social, or organizational aspects of the job that are either/or: Functional in achieving work goals, reduce job demands and the associated physiologicaland psychological costs [and] stimulate personal growth, learning, and development. Hence, resources are not only necessary to deal with job demands, but they also are important in their own right” (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007, p. 312). This corresponds with models identifying factors that contribute autonomously to healthiness, irrespective ofthe reduction of stressors. Examples of models that emphasize resources as predictors of work-related health outcomes are the Conservation of Resources model (Hobfoll, 1989), the Stress-as-Offense-to-Self-concept (SOS, Semmer, Jacobshagen, Meier, & Elfering, 2007), and the Job Demands-Resources-model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Bakker, Demerouti, & Sanz-Vergel, 2014; Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001).According to the Conservation of Resources model of Hobfoll (1989), individuals seek to acquire and maintain resources, including objects, personal characteristics, conditions, and energies. In contrast, the SOS-model’s starting point is self-esteem, and the importance of lack of fairness and reciprocity is derived from its contribution toward people’s self-esteem (Semmer, McGrath, & Beehr, 2005). Finally, the Job Demands-Resources-model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007) describes that high job demands exhaust the employees’ mental and physical resources and therefore lead to the depletion of energy and to health problems, referred to as health impairment process. In contrast, job resources foster employee engagement and extra-role performance. With different approaches and emphasis, all these models underline the importance of resources in the context of occupational health.
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کلمات کلیدی:
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